What makes america so unique essays

What makes america so one of a kind papers What makes America so novel? Not many Americans realize exactly how extraordinary we truly are, and considerably less know why we are novel. When contrasted and the remainder of the world, Americas social structure, political force, and the acknowledgment of strict opportunity are immensely not the same as different nations. For instance; when America had its Revolution, we had no turn over of intensity or exchanging of governments, while the incredible transformations in England, France, and China all had significant changes in power. Americas extraordinary culture started with the craving for otherworldly opportunity and the capacity to flourish in the New World. Most of foreigners going to the new world carried with them the seventeenth century legacy of a working class Englishmen. The English migrants were strict and were searching for a spot where they could bolster the normal privileges of man, a delegate government, and where there were established restrictions. In England these convictions conflicted with the lessons of the congregation, the government and the nobilities, this is the thing that started the start of the English unrest. Be that as it may, in America these definite thoughts and qualities are what has made us into what we are today, they joined our nation and they are what are cutting edge constitution is shaped after. Americans accompanied any expectations of setting up a superior Nation without the limitations of the Monarchy and the Upper Class. Yet, for what reason accomplished these ideas work in America and not in England? The English pioneers had the one of a kind benefit to begin once again on a new piece of paper. America didn't have a built up social class or a congregation with adequate capacity to run the nation. There was no lower class in America nor were there any privileged residents to look downward on every other person. In America everybody was equivalent. In 1782 J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur said It isn't formed, as in Europe, of extraordinary masters who have everything, and of a knew about individuals wh... <!

Exploring Modernism In Architecture Architecture Essay Free Essays

string(254) which was created by Dr Jonas Salk, the designer of childish loss of motion vaccinum had planned for an examination lab which was non just somewhere for organic research, however a topographic point which you could ‘invite a grown-up male like Picasso. For my article on Modernism in engineering I plan to explore a fashioner of the innovator time frame so as to set up the signifier, precept and cultural musings behind innovation. ‘The term present day design is obscure. It tends to be comprehended to specify to all buildings of the cutting edge time frame paying little mind to their ideological balance, or it very well may be seen all the more explicitly as an engineering aware of its ain advancement and nisus for adjustment. We will compose a custom article test on Investigating Modernism In Architecture Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now ‘ Present day engineering is a class which ordinarily supplements buildings of the twentieth and twenty-first century. It would incorporate Bauhaus/International habits ( once in a while used to portray Bauhaus engineering in United States ) what's more brutalism. Innovation was a response against varied technique and the considerate complex surpluss of the Art Deco, Art Nouveau and the Victorian ages. Be that as it may, it is as yet an undertaking of gustatory sensation. Despite the fact that Bauhaus, a German plan school 3 ( Operated from 1919-33 By laminitis Walter Gropius, so by Hans Mayer and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe ) which had profoundly impacted humanistic controls and engineering had been progressively worried about cultural features of structure ; none the lupus erythematosus, International way in a matter of seconds turned into an imagery of Capitalism. Fig.2 shows a fascinating and most commended delineation of this International way. This way of design was held essentially for office squares, yet was other than found in places worked for the rich and celebrated. Fig.2 shows another structure broadly known for its ‘functionalist stylish and a culinary specialist d’oeuvre of corporate innovation. ‘4 5 There were numerous creators who connected their name to this advanced age, probably the most popular being Frank Lloyd Wright ( fig.6 ) , Walter Gropius ( fig.5 ) , Le Corbusier ( fig.2 ) and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe ( fig.3 ) . 6Fig.6 shows Falling H2O which was a really famous structure for some. Willard huntington wrights plan which was for a private spot was over a cascade. This structure depicted his situation of natural engineering. Present day engineering was seen as questioning customary directions which were believed to be appropriate for building structure and development. Pioneer ‘s inside decorators proceeded to reason that originators should design everything which is vital for society. From each thing and furniture in within and exterior of structures and even prompted originators planing the most low of buildings. I have taken a gander at the more extensive meaning of innovation alongside the trailblazers who drove this way. Louis Kahn is the creator I have decided to investigate in profundity. His places of innovation are acceptable known through the advanced universe of engineering. Louis Kahn 7 Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky ( February 20, 1901 or 1902 †March 17, 1974 ) , or all the more ordinarily referred to known to mankind of engineering as Louis Kahn was an architect who was mixed inside the International way. Kahn moved on from the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Fine Arts in 1924. In the late 1930 ‘s Kahn ‘s was functioning as a counselor to the Philadelphia Housing Authority. His relationship with present day engineering developed as he worked with Europeans Stonorov and George Howe with whom Kahn structured numerous wartime dwelling endeavors which can be seen in fig.8. From these encounters it gave Kahn a feeling of cultural obligation which was along these lines reflected in his principle. 1947 was where the Kahn began to develop. His calling had built up to a point where he had begun a picking up calling at Yale University as the Chief Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of Architecture, until 1957. At that point at the University of Penns ylvania as Cret Professor of Architecture until his expire desolate perish in a work powers ‘s room toilet in Pennsylvania Station in New York. Kahn kicked the bucket in profound obligation in spite of his flush calling. 8 Louis Kahn was a survey of standard innovation ; his work spoke to the New Monumentality movement which was other than advanced by Siegfried Gieldion, Josep Llios Sert and Kahn ‘s shrewd man George Howe. Kahn ‘s structures are unrealistically exact in their structure of topographic focuses for individuals. I discovered a few bits of Kahn ‘s work particularly intriguing to break down from an advanced structural position. From the rundown of his the vast majority of import plants I have chosen a not many which I accept to be exceptionally emblematic to this article. From in excess of a twelve houses which had been planned by Kahn Esherick House was the most celebrated. I discovered Esherick house to one of his most awesome bits of work which shows us the way which he in this way followed in. A scrutinize say ‘s: 11 9 ‘aˆÂ ¦The Esherick House is firmly one of Kahn ‘s the greater part of import plants which characterized exercises he ‘d make a trip on to use in ulterior endeavors. ‘ 12 10 By this I accept he implies that Kahn was occurring his part which he had so travel onto utilization in ulterior endeavors. Kahn ‘s calling includes a clump of intriguing work, in any case, Esherick house remains as one of his the vast majority of import bits of work. In the formulating of the house the control of obvious radiation had been the distraction since the beginning, and he really had accomplished amicability through common noticeable radiation each piece great as discernable way through the amazing quality and geometric thing. Kahn ‘s rules of noticeable radiation, materiality and geometry are obviously seeable here. He begins to implement his future places of signifier in subtle highlights of this house. At an impression it is simply concrete and wood which consolidate to make the frontages and inside infinites. The house includes a finished howitzer covering, with keyhole window which are confined with characteristic Apilong wood put at sporadic stretches on the forepart veneer. The floor program is a refined plan by Kahn. It is appeared to consolidate two even square shapes which permit basic help and transparency. This genuinely advanced development shows how Kahn ‘s work would bloom in ulterior mature ages. The Esherick house ‘s unadulterated use of geometry and conceptual signifier mirror his advanced assault to engineering. Kahns work is a lot more noteworthy dipected in his later and a lot bigger endeavors. The Salk Laboratories which was created by Dr Jonas Salk, the designer of childish loss of motion vaccinum had planned for an exploration lab which was non only somewhere for natural research, however a topographic point which you could ‘invite a grown-up male like Picasso. You read Investigating Modernism In Architecture Essay in class Article models ’13 The stuffs utilized for this tremendous endeavor were solid, wood, marble and he other than utilized the segment of H2O in his structure which as the solid composite was compared against the Pacific Ocean was fitting. I found a truly fitting portrayal of The Salk look into labs: Kahn ‘s use of request before signifier demonstrates us how he delineated a building to resemble an ideal being with multifaceted nature of use inside each piece great as outwardly. I found a truly intriguing quote from Kahn about the Salk research centers. His principle of configuration shows utilize the kind of grown-up male he was and purposes he scrutinized: â€Å" I did non follow the directs of the researchers, who said that they are so devoted to what they are making that when lunch period comes everything they do is tidy up the preliminary tubing from the seats and eat their tiffin on these seats. I asked them: was it non a strain with every one of these commotions? Also, they replied: the clamors of the iceboxs are terrible ; the commotions of extractors are horrendous ; the streaming of the H2O is terrible. Everything was terrible including the clamors of the cooling framework. So I would non hear them out concerning what ought to be finished. Furthermore, I understood that there ought to be a perfect air and chromium steel nation, and a floor covering and oak table nation. From this acknowledgment signifier became. I isolated the surveies from the examination lab and set them over nurseries. The nursery got out-of-entryway infinites where one can talk. Presently one interest non pass all the clasp in the examination labs. At the point when one recognizes what to make, there is only little clasp one requirements for making it. It is only when 1 does non cognize what to make that it takes so much clasp. Furthermore, to cognize what to make is the mystery, all things considered, † I reason from this concentrate Kahn ‘s perception and confirmation. I perceive how Kahn put stock in another cutting edge signifier of design. He says it as though he as of now has the thoughts and contemplations to change structures into styled and requested limitless. Kahn ‘s readings were obviously much more clear ; he needed a cutting edge engineering less worried about feel and what the structure resembles. He was more charmed by the infinites of the structure and how the infinites were being utilized, and what request this would make for them. He needed to do infinites which would affect the encounters of the individuals who occupied those infinites. Salk examine lab shows us a plan which had dominantly settled the central hugeness ; request of endless a so the geometries. He utilized this development of thought for his structures of all foundations, for example, Salk research facilities. ‘The finishing up form of the Salk explore labs acquired him to acknowledge an answer which administrations were as ‘repressed ‘ or disguised as in any office edifi

The Indian Removal Act free essay sample

They went from numerous points of view of transportation, for example, foot, pony, and wagon. Despite the fact that many are educated regarding the ghastliness of the Indian Removal Acts, people in general appeared to have energize it and not care about the state Of the Indians that were being moved which was as terrible as any piece of American History. The publics perspective on the Indian Removal Act was extremely permissive. They didn't dissent or article the unfeeling things that Andrew Jackson was doing. A portion of the brutal things being; treating Indians inadequately, devastating the bank, and taking steps to execute his bad habit president.The fundamental purpose behind their remissness as that they in reality needed the Indians to leave. The fundamental purposes behind them needing the Indians to leave was more safe house, more land, and more openings for work. As they were kicking the Natives out of their homes, just minutes after the fact new, white, Americans moved right in as the Native families watch another family move into their home (CORBA). Today, we can demonstrate that people in general speedily couldn't have cared less about the Natives since they kept their leader, Andrew Jackson, in office as the demonstrations were being passed. In the Election of 1 832, Jackson won by an overwhelming margin with 219 constituent votes. The second spot washout, Henry Clay, got just 49 constituent votes (1 832 Presidential Election). Clearly, on the off chance that anybody needed to change what was happening, Andrew Jackson would not have remained in office. The administration had a conspicuous job in the Indian Removal Acts. The pioneer, all things considered, was President Andrew Jackson. Out of the entirety of the eleven settlements marked to move the southern clans, Andrew Jackson marked nine of them(PBS. Organization). The clans consented to the terms so they could dodge issues, for example, provocation, and ideally keep up a portion of their territory and furthermore for key reasons. Jacksons disposition toward Native Americans was approving, he portrayed the Natives as youngsters needing direction; he likewise accept the evacuation arrangement was helpful to the Indians(PBS. Organization). In spite of the fact that, the pioneer, Andrew Jackson was accountable for the administration, the whole government didn't bolster everything that was being finished. In fierceness of everything that was being done, the Cherokee Nation prosecuted a case contradicting one Of Jacksons bill to move the Indians out west. After the preliminary, the Cherokee won the case for nine votes to zero.To show Jacksons power, a statement utilized by him was The Supreme Court has made their meeting, presently let me see them attempt to uphold it. (learnable. Organization). This demonstrated a disappointment of the checks and equalization framework. So as to pay off the Indians out of their country, the legislature guaranteed the Indians things, for example, cash, land, and opportunity once they got out to their new home in present day Oklahoma. At the point when the Indians got their in any case, they don't received anything consequently and were left with nothing out west. On the administration sending them away, the legislature would for sure give them land to live on.They would be tricky and put rival clans near each other to cause ensign between the two. This would make the Native populace decline considerably more as wars would break out. According to the Natives, this was horrendous as one may accept. A portion of the clans tuned in to the administration and marked bargains with no contention, however others didn't leave as simple as the legislature usually liked. Very few clans made a move to stop this, however the ones who did were as yet ineffective. Despite the fact that the Cherokee won their legal dispute, nothing was done in their favor.Other southern clans, for example, the Creek, Seminole, Chickasaws, and Chaotic additionally were against the demonstrations. The Creek country Was constrained out in light of the fact that the Secretary of War said it was a military need (PBS. Organization). This is one of the numerous countries that didn't appear to retaliate with the administration; no evacuation settlements were ever marked (PBS. Organization). By 1837, 1 5,000 Creek Indians moved out west by request of the legislature. The Chickasaws bunch understood that there was no chance to get around the development, and with no dissent, marked a Treaty in 1832.The bargain expressed that the government would furnish them with important land they would have the option to live effectively with (PBS. Organization). The arrangement of the Chickasaws of mollifying to the legislature reverse discharges when the War Department wound up calling it quits on its guarantee. Since such a significant number of Natives were sent starting with one spot then onto the next, a typical path was made a trip to get to the goal Of present day Oklahoma. The awful path is known as the Trail of Tears; almost 125,000 Natives voyaged this way (history. Com).This trail secured 2,200 miles of land and ocean. The Cherokee were the most known for their view on the Trail of Tears. They had two totally different perspectives on leaving their region be that as it may, one side needed to remain ND battle, while the opposite side needed to simply pacify to the administration and acknowledge the cash and land they were offered for leaving (history. Com). A trooper of the name John G. Burnett was familiar with the Cherokee after he had invested a great deal of energy chasing and going with the tribe.He expressed that the day the clan was constrained out was hard and even cited that One can always remember the misery and seriousness of that morning. (learn. Organization). During their excursion, upon the arrival of March 26th, 1839, an awful day off slush storm hit them hard, and the sufferings of the Cherokee were difficult to e. Something else said by Burnett was that It was a path Of death, which truly demonstrates that such huge numbers of individuals lost their life as a result of the legislatures brutal implementation of moving the Native Americans out west. The path is said to have executed around 4,000 Cherokee. It was said that up to 33% of the Cherokee country was executed (learnable. Organization). As one may know, there are as yet remaining Cherokee clans around today. They are scarred from this season of American History. They consider it to be unlawful, uncalled for, and are disturbed on the way that nothing was helped in out. Many may not realize that the Cherokee has their own administration now and lives in regions, for example, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico (Cherokee. Organization) So as one may see, there were a wide range of perspectives on the Indian Removal Acts and the legislature was a significant reason. Very few of the residents in people in general appeared to think about how the Indians were dealt with and nothing was done to quit treating them inadequately. The individuals didn't attempt to dispose of the fundamental individual who drives everything, Andrew Jackson, they kept him in office and didn't take a stand in opposition to anything he did over his eight years in office. As most can see, the Indian Removal Acts were totally unlawful and were an extremely terrible time in the long stretches of America.

Holocaust Museum Essay -- essays research papers

Fourth Floor The Nazi Assult 1. The principal display that I encountered was a film on Hitlers' ascent to control. It indicated how he played on the feelings of dread of the individuals by utilizing purposeful publicity to elevate himself to turning out to be Chancellor of Germany. Ever however he lost the political decision, Hindenburg on January 30, 1933 selected Hitler Chancellor. 2. The following thing that got my advantage was a film on against Semitism. This film demonstrated the roots for individuals' regular dread of the Jews from the hours of Christianity through the medieval times and up to WWII. 3. The more customary sort of display they had was about how the Germans attempted to isolate Aryans from what they considered sub-par races that didn't have the right to exist. They attempted to do this logically by estimations, facial highlights, eye shading examinations, and different highlights. 4. In an alternate piece of the display, was the posting of the entirety of the Jewish towns that were absolutely or in part whipped out due to the Holocaust. The names of the towns were engraved on the glass windows of a passage there were such a significant number of them that they topped off the whole divider. Individual Response 1. This film was enlightening, for instance before this film I felt that Hitler was casted a ballot into power, however he was designated by Hindenburg. I believed that it was somewhat frightening that an administration framework could self-destruct that without any problem. 2. I was flabbergasted at to what extent of a history hostile to Semitism had. It went right back to the start of Christianity. I likewise discovered that one of Martin Lutherans, of the Lutheran Church, objectives was to change over Jews to Christianity. 3. I was shocked of how inside and out the Germans went in estimating the body parts, for example, the various pieces of the head, the situation of the nose, etc. 4. I just remained there for somewhat, simply taking a gander at the names of the towns, and I saw individuals calling attention to various towns of there precursors, yet I was unable to identify with it by any means. Third Floor &quot;Final Solution&quot; 1. The real beginning of the German arrangement for the Final Solution (1940-1945), was to segregate the Jews into Ghettos, and afterward to send them off to Concentration camps to be utilized for slave work, or gassed. 2. The opening to Auschwitz was joined into the exhibition hall by having it as the entrance to the piece of the floor that portrays the things that went on inside death camps. The Translation of the... ... drawers and storage rooms. This is an intuitive, hands-on show. 3. The Quote &quot;You are my witnesses&quot; from Isaiah 43:10 is reminding individuals who visit the historical center that the Holocaust truly did occur, and that such an occasion ought to never at any point happen again. 4. The middles of the exhibition hall from the principal floor up is intended to resemble a ghetto, and it gives kind of a scary inclination to the spot, that you are in the spot of the Jews during the Holocaust in the ghettos, before the inhumane imprisonments. Individual Response 1. It is hard not to see the engineering, since it was such a piece of the exhibition hall. It had a great deal of feeling in it, similar to it self persevered through the holocaust. 2. I felt this was truly home, the entirety of the hands on stuff, and the small amounts of the journal all over. It was a great deal unique to see the holocaust through the eyes of a kid. 3. This is a notable statement, and I pondered it a tad, and I began to consider the entirety of the onlookers of the Holocaust, not, Jewish, not Aryan, just there. They too more likely than not been frightened by it. 4. While I was remaining there I had an inclination that I was in reality within a ghetto. It was a kind of creepy inclination that I got.

Impact of Social Media on Chinese Politics Essay - 5500 Words

Impact of Social Media on Chinese Politics (Essay Sample) Content: Student nameInstructors nameCourse nameDateThe Political Influence of Social Media in ChinaThe world is constantly experiencing revolution in various spheres that directly influence human life. The rate at which nations adopt revolution affects the social, political, and economic success of a country. In fact, developed Western countries, such as in Europe, America, and some developed Asian countries, have been constantly adopting technological advancements to spearhead their economic and political developments. In China, citizens protest against oppressive media laws and propose the implementation of better laws. The freedom of association and speech are consistently becoming national basic human rights. To ensure the national enjoyment of fundamental rights, activists have often been quick to use social media platforms to air their grievances (Gil de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga 3). This move by various sects has resulted to positive and negative reactions in China. In view of the proponents of the social media usage, it is evident that the ICT platform provides an open forum for ideological transfer and enlightenment. Furthermore, it has been argued that social media is vital in the development of platforms that can aid in discovering new developments in various parts of the world, and using such developments to design new political or economic strategies, aimed at improving the living standards. In work places, social media is instrumental in synchronizing information, posting questions and new information. Indeed, through new platforms, such as facebook and twitter, businesses enhance their physical and economic presence (Aff. 2). The social media platform provides political venues for campaigners to communicate directly with the people on the policies that affect their livelihood. On the downside though, the rising usage of internet-based interactions has caused negativity at personal and communal levels of interaction. For business entities, hacking, fr aud and spam have become phenomena while using facebook and twitter. Through online frauds and identity thefts, unscrupulous individuals reduce the advantages gained by internet usage and social media. Indeed, the realization of responsible internet usage can hardly come true if the current trend in fraud and identity theft continues. In another aspect, privacy concerns have become prominent, with various governmental and non-governmental institutions using these arenas to track activities of persons of interest. Recently, the world observed this in the US leading to a massive public outcry (Diamond 4). Economically, increased usage of social media translates into less productivity in business since the employees would rather use social media than become more productive at work. In summary, social media has had a great impact on political systems. This aspect requires critical analysis.Social Media and Foreign Policy in ChinaLocal and international public relation agendas consistent ly use social media to communicate and regulate their activities. Through twitter and facebook, the social interactions between personalities from various parts of the world have been enhanced. Most notably, the Iranian revolution of 2009, nicknamed The Green or twitter revolution, was a landmark event highlighting the power of social media in integrating international entities, and in fostering international support to specific revolutionary policies (Downey 5). In this particular occurrence, Neda died in a post election protest, leading to public outcry and consequently increased international publicity on the case. Through the twitter platform, the information regarding the cold murder of the protester received international attention. It also involved the posting of photos of the deceased all over social media. However, the validity of information available on the social media platforms could at times be highly misleading and could lead the public and international populations i nto accepting as truths propositions that are not true. Such complicated occurrences create political targeting of implicated individuals, a situation that could lead to social and international unrest at personal or community levels (Gil de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga 6). For instance, in the Green revolution, the government targeting an individual who was not part of the Arabic protest forced Neda, who was a student, into seeking political refuge. Economic, social, and political prosperity are critical indicators of development within China. Social media provides a venue for displaying economic power in different parts of China. Firms have identified the social arena as an ideal section to manipulate client trends and consequently generate profits. This indirectly affects the government because they are dependent on taxes from business firms and corporate entities to run their operations. This has led to governmental involvement in regulation and securing online platforms to ensure that only leg itimate and ethically right business operations run over such platforms. In a wider perspective, twitter, and Facebook have been instrumental in promoting international trade (Gunther 3). Discussion forums in these platforms are fundamental in enabling entrepreneurs to identify places with good business opportunities, and thus invest in such opportunities. In addition, the business entities are able to take note of the governing regulations in the new places and comply with them. Through such international business ventures, businesses develop mutual political relationships, hence fostering global peace and unity. In fact, businesses are arguably the greatest promoters of globalization and social networking, aiding the development of ideal environments required businesses to run and prosper. In fact, the Neda case is just one of the many instances of mistaken identities or impersonations observed across social media platforms. Arguably, the platform has increased the interdependence of international bodies with the world becoming smaller, in terms of communication, than it was in the earlier decades. Recently, the social platform was vital in the spread and success in the Arab revolts observed across the Middle East and across northern parts of Africa. From all indications currently available, the impact of social media on international relations will continue to grow (Aff. 2). Without a doubt, social media development remains vital in development of transparency in the international front and in prevention of unwarranted suspicion among different nations. Furthermore, people continue to use the platform as a storytelling center aimed at eliminating of vices practiced within international borders; it has been an instrumental component of the NGOs found all over the globe. Such non-profit oriented organizations have found this platform as an ideal arena to channel critical observations and desires. Social Media and Youth Participation in ChinaIn China, the Gene ration Y has been on the spotlight for being lazy, with the elderly generations arguably viewing the developing trends among the minors and developing generations as a threat to national, social, political, and economic developments. Furthermore, some individuals are anti-social, and have little interest in political or economic events. If this is left to continue in a wanting manner, it would effectively imply that the likelihood of China and the globe to experience leadership gaps would be relatively high. As a result, it becomes an important task to bring such youthful populations on board in aspects of national building in order to familiarize them with what the community expects of them. Unfortunately, physical contact with members of these special youthful populations is not easy, with many preferring to use their computer or mobile devices to interact with friends on social media platforms (Gil de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga 1). In view of the above scenario, the only practical way to harne ss productivity of the youth is to reach them on the social arena where they operate. This allows them to device strategic social programs that not only attracts their attention, but can also train them appropriately. There is need for mechanisms of transforming the mindset of a junior to accept responsibility and to change their ways of living. Various schemes have incorporated this strategic transformative initiative. As observed in many organizations, the benefits have been immense. There has been increased cooperation and collaboration, especially in business firms among employees and co-workers, leading to increased profitability. Indeed, integrated input from the various quarters, and consequent formulation of all-inclusive decisions have been instrumental in ensuring success in public administration. Moreover, revolutions observed in organizations hardly occur in firms in which social interaction is integrated (Gunther 4). On the contrary, such platforms provide the firm with the opportunity to monitor aspirations and activities of employees, and respond promptly to any concerns.On another note, the changing world requires immense changes in ideologues to move it forward. Unfortunately, the greater potential to create these new strategies lies within the youthful populations. For instance, it is a clear distinction from the industry-based 20th century settings that to harness the full potential of new ideologies, there is no way other than bringing the youthful to develop the nation. Currently, there are several organizations formed with the sole motive of encouraging youthful populations to come out in large numbers during voting processes (Harvey 5). Some of the organizations include; the Canadian Youth Politics, the Teen Power Politics, the Millennial Politics, and the Vote Smart organization just to mention a few. In more devastating developments, youths have used social media platforms to launch independent parties... Impact of Social Media on Chinese Politics Essay - 5500 Words Impact of Social Media on Chinese Politics (Essay Sample) Content: Student nameInstructors nameCourse nameDateThe Political Influence of Social Media in ChinaThe world is constantly experiencing revolution in various spheres that directly influence human life. The rate at which nations adopt revolution affects the social, political, and economic success of a country. In fact, developed Western countries, such as in Europe, America, and some developed Asian countries, have been constantly adopting technological advancements to spearhead their economic and political developments. In China, citizens protest against oppressive media laws and propose the implementation of better laws. The freedom of association and speech are consistently becoming national basic human rights. To ensure the national enjoyment of fundamental rights, activists have often been quick to use social media platforms to air their grievances (Gil de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga 3). This move by various sects has resulted to positive and negative reactions in China. In view of the proponents of the social media usage, it is evident that the ICT platform provides an open forum for ideological transfer and enlightenment. Furthermore, it has been argued that social media is vital in the development of platforms that can aid in discovering new developments in various parts of the world, and using such developments to design new political or economic strategies, aimed at improving the living standards. In work places, social media is instrumental in synchronizing information, posting questions and new information. Indeed, through new platforms, such as facebook and twitter, businesses enhance their physical and economic presence (Aff. 2). The social media platform provides political venues for campaigners to communicate directly with the people on the policies that affect their livelihood. On the downside though, the rising usage of internet-based interactions has caused negativity at personal and communal levels of interaction. For business entities, hacking, fr aud and spam have become phenomena while using facebook and twitter. Through online frauds and identity thefts, unscrupulous individuals reduce the advantages gained by internet usage and social media. Indeed, the realization of responsible internet usage can hardly come true if the current trend in fraud and identity theft continues. In another aspect, privacy concerns have become prominent, with various governmental and non-governmental institutions using these arenas to track activities of persons of interest. Recently, the world observed this in the US leading to a massive public outcry (Diamond 4). Economically, increased usage of social media translates into less productivity in business since the employees would rather use social media than become more productive at work. In summary, social media has had a great impact on political systems. This aspect requires critical analysis.Social Media and Foreign Policy in ChinaLocal and international public relation agendas consistent ly use social media to communicate and regulate their activities. Through twitter and facebook, the social interactions between personalities from various parts of the world have been enhanced. Most notably, the Iranian revolution of 2009, nicknamed The Green or twitter revolution, was a landmark event highlighting the power of social media in integrating international entities, and in fostering international support to specific revolutionary policies (Downey 5). In this particular occurrence, Neda died in a post election protest, leading to public outcry and consequently increased international publicity on the case. Through the twitter platform, the information regarding the cold murder of the protester received international attention. It also involved the posting of photos of the deceased all over social media. However, the validity of information available on the social media platforms could at times be highly misleading and could lead the public and international populations i nto accepting as truths propositions that are not true. Such complicated occurrences create political targeting of implicated individuals, a situation that could lead to social and international unrest at personal or community levels (Gil de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga 6). For instance, in the Green revolution, the government targeting an individual who was not part of the Arabic protest forced Neda, who was a student, into seeking political refuge. Economic, social, and political prosperity are critical indicators of development within China. Social media provides a venue for displaying economic power in different parts of China. Firms have identified the social arena as an ideal section to manipulate client trends and consequently generate profits. This indirectly affects the government because they are dependent on taxes from business firms and corporate entities to run their operations. This has led to governmental involvement in regulation and securing online platforms to ensure that only leg itimate and ethically right business operations run over such platforms. In a wider perspective, twitter, and Facebook have been instrumental in promoting international trade (Gunther 3). Discussion forums in these platforms are fundamental in enabling entrepreneurs to identify places with good business opportunities, and thus invest in such opportunities. In addition, the business entities are able to take note of the governing regulations in the new places and comply with them. Through such international business ventures, businesses develop mutual political relationships, hence fostering global peace and unity. In fact, businesses are arguably the greatest promoters of globalization and social networking, aiding the development of ideal environments required businesses to run and prosper. In fact, the Neda case is just one of the many instances of mistaken identities or impersonations observed across social media platforms. Arguably, the platform has increased the interdependence of international bodies with the world becoming smaller, in terms of communication, than it was in the earlier decades. Recently, the social platform was vital in the spread and success in the Arab revolts observed across the Middle East and across northern parts of Africa. From all indications currently available, the impact of social media on international relations will continue to grow (Aff. 2). Without a doubt, social media development remains vital in development of transparency in the international front and in prevention of unwarranted suspicion among different nations. Furthermore, people continue to use the platform as a storytelling center aimed at eliminating of vices practiced within international borders; it has been an instrumental component of the NGOs found all over the globe. Such non-profit oriented organizations have found this platform as an ideal arena to channel critical observations and desires. Social Media and Youth Participation in ChinaIn China, the Gene ration Y has been on the spotlight for being lazy, with the elderly generations arguably viewing the developing trends among the minors and developing generations as a threat to national, social, political, and economic developments. Furthermore, some individuals are anti-social, and have little interest in political or economic events. If this is left to continue in a wanting manner, it would effectively imply that the likelihood of China and the globe to experience leadership gaps would be relatively high. As a result, it becomes an important task to bring such youthful populations on board in aspects of national building in order to familiarize them with what the community expects of them. Unfortunately, physical contact with members of these special youthful populations is not easy, with many preferring to use their computer or mobile devices to interact with friends on social media platforms (Gil de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga 1). In view of the above scenario, the only practical way to harne ss productivity of the youth is to reach them on the social arena where they operate. This allows them to device strategic social programs that not only attracts their attention, but can also train them appropriately. There is need for mechanisms of transforming the mindset of a junior to accept responsibility and to change their ways of living. Various schemes have incorporated this strategic transformative initiative. As observed in many organizations, the benefits have been immense. There has been increased cooperation and collaboration, especially in business firms among employees and co-workers, leading to increased profitability. Indeed, integrated input from the various quarters, and consequent formulation of all-inclusive decisions have been instrumental in ensuring success in public administration. Moreover, revolutions observed in organizations hardly occur in firms in which social interaction is integrated (Gunther 4). On the contrary, such platforms provide the firm with the opportunity to monitor aspirations and activities of employees, and respond promptly to any concerns.On another note, the changing world requires immense changes in ideologues to move it forward. Unfortunately, the greater potential to create these new strategies lies within the youthful populations. For instance, it is a clear distinction from the industry-based 20th century settings that to harness the full potential of new ideologies, there is no way other than bringing the youthful to develop the nation. Currently, there are several organizations formed with the sole motive of encouraging youthful populations to come out in large numbers during voting processes (Harvey 5). Some of the organizations include; the Canadian Youth Politics, the Teen Power Politics, the Millennial Politics, and the Vote Smart organization just to mention a few. In more devastating developments, youths have used social media platforms to launch independent parties...

Multiple Choices Finance Multiple Choice Questions - 825 Words

Multiple Choices Finance Multiple Choice Questions (Multiple Choice Questions Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateMultiple Choices Finance Questions 1 You are 21 years old and are concerned about your retirement. You want to live comfortably when you retire 49 years from now. Since you wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t have a house payment (you expect to have the mortgage paid off by then), you figure you will need only $4,000 a month (current dollars) on which to live. You expect inflation to remain at 2.25% for the 49-year period, and you expect $1,850 (current dollars) in social security when you retire at 70 years of age. You expect to live 20 years in retirement. How much do you need to save every month, assuming a 6% annual return on your savings, beginning now?Remaining time=49 yearsTotal period of saving=49x12month =588 monthsTotal amount expected to be used before tax and inflation=20years x 12months x $4000=$960000Considering inflation of 2.25%Amount =$960000 x 102.25%=$981600Less social security after retirement=$981600-$1,850=$979750Hence, savings per month=6% an nual return, =94% x $1666.24=$1567 per month 2 What is the value of a 12-year zero coupon bond, assuming current YTM is 2.95%?Zero-coupon bonds pay no coupons, but instead pay a par value at maturityThe value of coupon bond, given Yield to Maturity of 2.95%Use semi-annual compounding: 3 Given information on the following three investments. The first is a preferred stock, redeemed in 15 years at $25 per share, currently selling at $26.57 and has a current annual dividend yield of 7.527%. The second is a common stock trading at $125.32 per share, but pays no dividend now nor is expected to pay one within your 15-year investment horizon. The share price is expected to grow at 8% for 5 years and 4% for ten years, when you are determined to sell the shares. The third investment is a new bond which you can buy at par with a coupon of 7.25%. Assume there are no taxes (!) and that you are risk-neutral. If your discount rate is 3.5%, which has the highest return? 1 First investmentDividend=7 .527%+ additional profit on each share 2 Second investmentProfit per share=25.32% of the total investmentsThe second investment has the highest return compared to the other two investment plans. 4 What is the value of an account ten years from now, which has an opening balance of $500, to which you contribute $50 per month, and which grows at a 7.5% annualized rate?Principle amount =opening balance=$500At the end of first year, contributions=$600Solution,P = 500. PMT = 10. r = 7.5/100 = 0.075 (decimal). n = 12. t = 10.Substituting the figures results in:Total = [ Compound interest for principal ] + [ Future value of a series ]Total = [ P(1+r/n)^nt ] + [ PMT * (((1 + r/n)^nt - 1) / (r/n)) ]Total = [ 500 (1 + 0.075 / 12) ^ 12(10) ] + [ 50 * (((1 + 0.00625)^120 - 1) / (0.00625)) ]Total = [ 1,056.03 ] + [ 50 * (1.112064 / 0.00625) ]Total = [ 1,056.03 ] + [ 8896.52 ]Total = [ $9,952.55 ] 5 Given the answer in 4, above, if you reinvest the amount into an annuity paid out over four years, how much will your payment be, assuming it carries a guaranteed 4% annualized interest rate, and that it is paid at the beginning of each period?SolutionP = (((PV) / (1-(1+r)-n)), where P = payment, PV = present value, r = rate per period, n = number of periods. Given that, present value (answer in 4) =$9,952.55, rate per period = 4% and the number of periods = 4 years.Then, P = (((PV) / (1-(1+r)-n)) = 9,952.55/ (1-(1+4/100)-4 = 9,952.55 / 0.9615 = $10,51.06 6 Note the following cash flows:Year PROJECT A PROJECT B PROJECT C PROJECT D 0 -$35,000 -$75,000 -$10,000 -$150,000 1 $0 -$4,350 $0 -$12,500 2 $5,000 -$1,250 $0 -$15,000 3 $7,500 $0 $0 -$20,000 4 $12,500 $5,000 $0 $3,500 5 $12,500 $7,500 $0 $24,000 6 $12,500 $12,500 $0 $30,000 7 $12,500 $20,000 $0 $45,000 8 $12,500 $25,000 $0 $95,000 9 $68,500 $164,500 $60,000 $315,000 As long as the discount rate is a positive value of 12.5%, Project B, C and D will ...

Why Trainers Are The Most Popular Shoes - 4015 Words

Thesis statement we all know about trainers and there use in our day today life but ever wondered how did the trainers came in existence and how did they captured the market?, what brands were the first leading brands?, what factors helped the trainers market to grow?, how is it connected to celebrities and sports stars?, well that’s is what this essay is about :- HISTORY OF THE TRAINERS (sneakers) Introduction Here I am going to talk about the history of the trainers and how they developed from the normal plimsolls to the much fashionable and trendy sneakers of today. I believe that this area of research is important because trainers are the most popular shoes in present world but still†¦show more content†¦In USA alone 350 million pair of trainers are bought every year. The main focus is not only the performance for the training shoes, their use in fashion and casual wear also play a vital role in shaping there appearance and features. Colour, style, fashion as well as performance everything is kept in mind for the development of the trainers. These shoes are design to provide protection, comfort, style and decoration to the human foot while doing various outdoor activities. Trainers, also known as sneakers in united states, has made its place in the music world mainly in the hip hop like puma, Addidas and Nike shoe and rock n roll culture like Macbeth and converse shoes, since the 1970s and till now people with such culture mostly prefer trainers. In almost all the music videos trainers are the shoes which are mostly worn by the singers With the changing time and fashion many types of sneakers have developed like: †¢ High top that covers the ankle †¢ Low tops also known as oxford Sneakers, these do not cover the ankle. †¢ Mid cut sneakers: these are between the high top and low top. †¢ Sneakers boots which extend to the calf †¢ Slip-on sneakers like the low top/oxford sneakers which do not cover the ankle and don’t have laces . †¢ Low-Top CVO (Circular Vamp Oxford) like low-tops these shoes do not cover the ankle but unlike low-tops have a vamp in a circular form and typically 4 to 5 eyelets. †¢ High-top CVO (Circular Vamp Oxford) like high-tops theseShow MoreRelatedChoreography, Dance, Ballet, And Calling Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction to Choreography Ballet, why is this topic so important to popular culture? More Importantly what is ballet about and how does the role play in the choreography career field? Choreography is the study of movements and music during dance. There are many careers in choreography such as being a dance teacher for school age children or being a personal trainer for an individual. This essay covers topics such as the choreography career field, issue in dance, types of dance and performanceRead MoreBe Strong(Ryka Case Study)947 Words   |  4 Pagesform of exercise and recreation, gimmicks such as lighted heels, and hundreds of millions of dollars for ad ¬vertising. If so, who would believe that a young woman named Sheri Poe of Massachusetts could succeed by sell ¬ing a limited line of athletic shoes with no money for ad ¬vertising? Maybe no one, but after eight years of hard work, that young woman s company, RYKA, is finally profitable, and its sales are growing at more than 40 per ¬cent a ye ar. 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Aristotle s Views On Teachings And Beliefs Of Philosophy

Epicurus is a well-known ancient Greek philosopher who has had a remarkable impact on teachings and beliefs of Philosophy. His goal was to teach all people to find happiness by following his way of life. To this day, there are still many that follow the beliefs of Epicurus. I see some of his beliefs positively and others seem unnecessary. Epicurus did not believe in the supernatural. His beliefs were more about physics, logic, and ethics. To him everything experienced in life happens naturally. The supernatural beliefs that people have are built on fear of dying and what happens in the afterlife. To Epicurus, this was no way to lead a happy life. Nothing is felt after death; therefore, there should be nothing to fear (Stace). Hedonism was an important part of Epicurus beliefs. Hedonism is easily described as the pursuit of pleasure. Epicurus believed that the goal in life should be to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Epicurus understood hedonism as pleasure being the first priority of life but believed that pleasure should be obtained in a sensible manner (Hedonism). The hedonistic beliefs of Epicurus tend to fall on the side of psychology as well as philosophy. People begin to seek pleasure and avoid pain unknowingly as an infant. As we grow into adults looking for ultimate happiness, seeking pleasure is just not as easy with all the curve balls that are thrown in life (O Keefe). Epicurus thought it is necessary to try to avoid pain but to do that weShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Realism Philosophy And Philosophy1590 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle’s Realism Philosophy Realism is an educational philosophy; furthermore it is a teaching that stresses knowledge that develops from one s own senses.in my opinion this is great idea for educational philosphy, because it shows that sense deveolpement is the realest possible learning to have. 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Teachings such as his philosophy of nature, mathematics ethics, biology and art. Through many of his teachings and influential contributions in today’s society now, we now use what he taught and evolved from there as the years go by. In Aristotle’s life time he transformed the human knowledge that we have now. Giving it all new meanings and purposeRead More Aristotle And Meteorology Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesinaccurate were Aristotle’s writings on meteorology? Introduction: Aristotle wrote about many subjects that can be grouped into five general divisions: logic, physical works, psychological works, natural history works, and philosophical works. One of the little known physical works concerned meteorology. Aristotle’s views on meteorology are fascinating, but many of the views were not accurate. This paper compares only a few of his views to actual meteorological facts. I. 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The Ethics Of The Nursing Profession - 962 Words

In the nursing profession it is important to stay up to date on current happenings in the field. The healthcare profession is fast paced and constantly changing so it is important to stay educated on those changes. Luckily there are many journals, websites, and social media pages that do just that. Since the healthcare field is so fact based it is important that sources of information are trustworthy, reviewed, and factual. Also referred to in the writing world as authoritative. One authoritative source is the Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. This journal offers credible articles pertaining to the nursing world. Another source is the American Journal of Nursing. Great and reliable information can also come from websites. Nursingworld.org offers easily accessible information to those in the nursing industry. Although those in healthcare like their facts, they also like to connect with each other in more casual ways. The Nurses Rock Facebook page offers just that. This pa ge is a place where nurses can get together and share stories about their experiences and laugh at some hilarious content. Nursing can be an incredibly challenging profession, luckily there are numerous places for nurses to go to for reliable and helpful information to say up to date. An authoritative source of information in the nursing world is The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. The journal prides themselves on being a â€Å"peer-reviewed, online publication that addresses current topicsShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Nursing Profession1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe nursing profession is set up with many guidelines, rules, and regulations. Often, these are set up and guided by different values that should be exhibited in the practice. Many organizations including the Viterbo Nursing Program have values that are to be followed by those who associate themselves with that organization. At Easter Seals many colleges and majors come together to care for disabled kids who are having a weekend away from home. This variety of people that collaborate leads to a vastRead MoreEthics, The Ethics And Values Of The Nursing Profession1059 Words   |  5 PagesEthics, the rules and principles that guide right behaviors or conduct, are foundational to the field of bi oethics, which focuses on ethical issues in healthcare (Mclennon, Uhrich, Lasiter, Chamnes, Helft, 2013). Nurses are faced with ethical decision making principles daily when caring for their patients, some days more than others. According to Yoder-Wise (2011), ethics may be distinguished from the law because ethics is internal to an individual, looks to the ultimate â€Å"good† of an individualRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Conduct1564 Words   |  7 PagesEthics is defined in multiple ways. These are considered as rules or regulations which sense the right or wrong doing related to any individual. 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As patients go through the aging process, theyRead MoreCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesWendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion,

Formation of Company and Its Effects free essay sample

Without him, my assignments would not be completed excellently. Not forgetting my family members too, I would like to express my grateful thanks for supporting me emotionally and financially. They are the one who always concern and encourage me in our studies. I would also like to take this opportunity to thanks the librarian for helping me to find the books and resources needed as the references sources in completing this assignment. Very special thanks also to all classmates for the guidance and helpful comments during the process of completing this assignment. All in all, I finally manage to complete this assignment successfully. Title: Incorporation of the Company and its effects. Topic Sentence: There have several procedures and legal requirement needs to comply with in forming a company relates to its natures and characteristic. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Companies Act 1956 stated a Company as a group of people working together to accomplish common goal or objectives. The word Company is combination of the Latin word ‘Com’ meaning â€Å"with or together† and ‘Pains’ meaning â€Å"bread†. Thus the company is nothing but a group of people who have a common together or who have contributed money for some common person and who have incorporated themselves into a distinct legal entity in the form of a company for that purpose. Under Section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956 company is defined as ‘a company form or registered under the Companies Act, 1956 or an existing company’. According to the definition by Lord Justice Lindey, â€Å"A company is an association of many persons who contribute money or money’s worth to a common stock and employs it in some trade or business and who share the profit and loss arising there from. The common stock so contributed is denoted in money and is the capital of the company. The persons who contribute it or to whom it belongs are members. The proportion of capital to which each is entitled is his share. The shares are always transferable although the right to transfer is more or less restricted†. Therefore it means that the formation of the company is not for the profit maximization purposes but to increase the wealth of the shareholders or the members. There have several factors that attract any persons to form a company because of the beautiful creatures of the company. It can be seen in terms of limited liability, perpetual succession, financing, taxation, and cost, formality and continuing obligations. The Act provides under section 14 (1) that ‘it subject to any Act or any two or more persons associated for any lawful purpose may be subscribing their names to a memorandum and complying with the requirements as to registration form an incorporated company’. The minimum number of persons required to form a company is only two, based of the class of the company. It means that to incorporate a company, it should form through several procedures and legal requirement to fulfill the incorporation process. . 0 PROCEDURES TO FORM A COMPANY 2. 1 RESERVATION OF COMPANY NAME The formation of a company need to accomplish several procedures. The first procedure is reservation of company name. According to the book of Malaysian Company Law by Chan amp; Goh, an applicant seeking incorporation of a company must apply in the prescribed form to a Registrar for a search as to the availability and reservation of the proposed name of the intended company. The prescribed form needs the applicants to state, inter alia, the proposed name of the company and the proposed type of company. If the proposed name of the company is available and is the proper one, and if the Registrar is satisfied as the bona fides of the application, the Registrar will serve the proposed name for a period of three months from the date of the lodging the application. Once the proposed name is reserved, and during the period of the reservation, no company or foreign company other than the intended company shall be registered under the reserved name or under any other name that, in the opinion of the Registrar, closely resembles the reserved name. However, the reservation of the name does not in itself entitle the intended company to be registered under that name. Within three month’ period the applicant must, if he still wishes the incorporation, lodge all the relevant documents as required under the Act with the registrar. Generally the name of the company will have a special value of the company itself. When a company prohibited carrying on its principal business as indicated by its name, it may be liable to be liquidated on that ground. The proposed name of an intended company must first be made available by the Registrar. A limited company must have the words of â€Å"Berhad† or â€Å"Bhd† as part of and in the end of the company name. A private company must have the additional word of â€Å"Sendirian† or â€Å"Sdn† as part of the name and insert before the words of â€Å"Berhad†. Then the name of the private company will be â€Å"Sendirian Berhad† or â€Å"Sdn Bhd†. 3. 0 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED TO BE LODGED TO FORM A COMPANY 3. 1 MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION Memorandum of Association is the compulsory document that should be lodged in forming a company. Every company must lodge a duly signed copy of the Memorandum with the registrar. In essence, the Memorandum is the company’s basic purpose and people, a brief realistic account of who they are and what they intend to do. The contents of the Memorandum are essentially those items listed under section 18(1) of the Companies Act 1965 and vary according to the type of the company to be incorporated. It includes the name clause, the objects clause, the capital clause for a limited company, the limited liability clause and the subscribe clause. The Memorandum must contain the name of the first directors of the company. The Memorandum must be signed by a person called the ‘subscribers’ in the presence of witnesses. The subscribers to the Memorandum are usually the promoters of the company. They will be the first member of the company. The Memorandum will also contain the name of the first secretary. Upon the registration of the Memorandum, the Registrar will issue a certificate of incorporation certifying that the company is incorporated from the date specified. The certificate of incorporation is important evidence that the requirements of the Act in the respect of registration have been complied with, and that the company referred to in the certificate is properly incorporated. The certificate of incorporation is the company’s birth certificate. 3. 2 ARTICLE OF ASSOCIATION Another document to be lodge with the Memorandum is Article of Association. This document is mandatory for the company that limited by guarantee, company limited by shares and guarantee and unlimited company. The Article should be submitted with the Memorandum. For the company limited by shares, it can decide whether to lodge the Article or not. A company limited by shares must be accomplishing all the regulations contained in Table A in order to choose to lodge the Article. Then the article should be printed, divided into numbered paragraphs, and signed by each subscriber to the Memorandum in the presence of at least one witness who must attest the signature and add his address as well. 4. 0 COMPANY’S PROMOTERS The company does not exist in a blink of eyes without the effort of human on it. The person who sets up the company and makes it going is known as promoters. The promoters is actually the persons who interested in the company, or the professional persons who incorporate the company as part of their business and then turn them over to the persons who actually want the company. It is settled that the company promoter owes fiduciary obligation or duties to the company or its liquidator for any profit unless it was disclosed to the appropriate terms of the company and the company consented to the promoter retaining it. The promoter can be view as ‘one who undertakes to form a company with reference to a given project and to set it going, and who takes the necessary action or steps to accomplish this purpose’. It is not the proper definition for promoter but it is according to the cases of Twycross v Grant. There is no proper words can describe the promoter of the company well because promoter can appear in different cases. For example, a person who works in purely on behalf of other person is not automatically to be considered as a promoter because he was work following the instruction of the real promoter. The professional person also as accountants and solicitors also cannot easily become as the promoter of the company even though they are the one who draw up the Memorandum and the Article of Associations of the company. A promoter also can be a company on behalf of other company, means the promoter is not restricted in a person but also can be in a form of company. Whether the person is promoter or not is considerable to the situation when the company makes publics offering of securities, the company must disclose the benefits given to the promoters. Beside that, promoter owes fiduciary duties of the company and may be easily determine whether or not a particular person is a promoter for the purpose of ascertaining whether he has breach his duty to the company. Cases related to the promoters of the company can be described under the cases of Gluckstein v Barnes. Base on the cases, Gluckstein was one of a syndicate of four who bought the exhibition hall, Olympia, nominally for ? 140,000 but actually for ? 120,000 and promoted a company of which they become directors and which then he bought back the property in worth of ? 180,000. The company then disclosed ? 40,000 (? 180,000-? 140,000) as the profit of the shares instead of ? 60,000. The company later failed financially. The liquidator then claimed from Gluckstein of his shares for the undisclosed profit. The court then said that event though Gluckstein is the promoter or not for the company, just related to form a company, the benefits gives to him must be disclosed also to the public as well. It is mean that Gluckstein owes fiduciary duties for the company. The court then decides that as the disclosure is not full enough, the liquidator can sue and get back any undisclosed profit from Gluckstein which is ? 20,000. 5. 0 NATURES OF COMPANY Once the Registrar of Company has been issued the certificate of the incorporation, companies become incorporated and have unique functions and characteristics. The life of the company is started at the date that stated in the certificate of incorporation. Section 16 (5) of the Companies Act 1965 provides: â€Å" On the from the date of incorporation stated in the certificate of incorporation but subjected to the Memorandum together with other persons as may from time become members of the company shall be a body corporate by the name provided in the Memorandum capable forthwith the existing all the functions of an incorporated company†¦. † It means that, once a company is formed, it will stand on its own as well as separated from its members or shareholders. The company may performs or living as a â€Å"person† or knowingly as â€Å"artificial person† in the eyes of laws. The most well known cases that being refers is the cases of Salomon v Salomon amp; Co. Ltd (1897). Salomon has carried a successful business as a sole trader as a leather merchant and wholesale boot manufacturer for many years. He then forms a company named Salomon amp; Co. Ltd. He was chosen to form the company liability limited by shares. The company issued one shares for Salomon, together to his spouse and their five children. Salomon then sold his business (sole trader) to the company. The company paid Salomon in terms of partly shares and partly debentures, and partly in form of cash. After a year of the corporation of the company, the company become insolvent and went into liquidation. The issue arise is when Salomon is as the majority shareholder of the company and a debenture holder of the company. It means that, as a creditor he has the right to claims any amount of the company if the company facing liquidations. As the answer for the cases, the Court said that: â€Å"Salomon and the company are completely separated persons. Thus, the business that Salomon sold to the company was owned by and its debts were the liabilities of the company, not of Salomon personally. Although Salomon owned the beneficially all the issued shares of the company, he could also be a secured creditor with enforceable rights against the company in that capacity†. Therefore, as a majority creditor of the company, Salomon gets the opportunity to being paid first than the other creditors. After all Salomon debt has been settled, then the company can proceed to pay the other creditor. But in this case, priority is for Salomon. This case shows the very clear effects once the company has been incorporated. As the company has being incorporated, the effects that taken place are, the company is a body corporate with the powers of an incorporated company, the company may sue and be sue in its own name, has everlasting succession, may own its own property and the liability of the members are limited depends on the types of the company than the other business organization. 5. 1 COMPANIES AS A BODY CORPORATE The company and its members are fully separated once the certificate has been issued. A company is a legal fiction, an abstraction, with legal but no physical existence. According to the case of Continental Tyre amp; Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd v Daimler Co Ltd (1915), the company has â€Å"neither body, parts nor passions. Apart from its corporators, it can have neither thoughts, wishes, nor intentions, for it has no other mind than the mind of the corporators†. Therefore, once the company had been incorporated, the members cannot be made liable for any debt or liabilities of the company. The company itself has to settle its own debts and liabilities. The company also hold a powers provided by a legal provision provided by the Companies Act 1965, provided under the Memorandum of Associations, under Article of Associations, under Common Laws and Companies Practices. Another case for the characteristic of the corporate legal body is the case of Lee v Lee’s Farming Ltd. (1961). The facts of this case are, Lee has formed a company named Lee’s Air Farming Ltd. Mr. Lee is the one who own all of the shares of the company and his wife only holds one share. He is also the only one employee of the company. One day, he was involved in an air crash and was killed during performs his work on behalf of the company. Later on, his wife rise up the claims for compensations from the company due to the case under New Zealand Worker’s Compensation Acts 1922. The courts then finally decide that Mrs. Lee can claim the compensations as Lee and the company is completely separated bodies. As the widow of Mr. Lee, the former worker of the company, Mrs. Lee can claim any compensation on behalf of her late husband. 5. 2 CAN SUE AND BEING SUED The second natures of the company one it was incorporated is it can sue and being sued under its name. According to the Companies Act 1965 section 16(5), it state that, upon the registration, the company has the ability to sue and being sued in its own name. If any person does a wrongful act or breaches the duty or contract to the company, it is for the company itself to take action to enforce its right to sue against that person and not the members. Then if the company does the wrongful acts also breaches any duty or act to any person, the company must be sued using its name, not the members of the company. This is because of the special treatment of the company once it being incorporate as become â€Å"juridical persons† that wholly separated form its members. The members of the company may not maintain an action on the company’s behalf. If the director has breaches its duties to the company, it is for the company to enforce its right to sue the director. The proper case to describe the nature of the company for can sue and being sue is under the case of Foss v Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461. The case state that, the two shareholders in Victoria Park Company say that the property of the company has been misapplied and they want to against the company’s directors. The court then held that the company and its members are not the same. Therefore it is for the company duties to sue the director, not the members. In the eyes of persons, it is possible to see that the company actually separated from its members because if the company has breach the contract or duty, the company is the one who going to be sued and not the person who actually running the company. 5. 3 PERPETUAL SUCCESSION The third natures of the company once it was formed are the company may enjoy perpetual successions. Company is there forever unless the company observes the legal requirement it still a going concern. In other form of business as partnership, the death of the business is because of the certain conditions as the death of the partner. Perpetual succession means the company is not affected event though one of the members is missing or dead. The identity of the company is still remains even though there have changes in structures of the members or shareholders of the company. The life of the company is lasts when the property is wound up or struck off by the registrar of the company. The case of Re Noel Tedman Holding Pty Ltd. (1967) describing the natures of everlasting life of the company. According to the case, the company had only two shareholders which are husband and wife. The shareholders were also the directors of the company. They were involved in traffic accident and both are died leaving their infant child. The court faced difficulties in deciding who will be the next directors of the company. Even though all of the shareholders of the company are dead, the company is still remains and the new director need to be appointed. The appointment of the directors is according to the vote from the shareholders but there is no remaining shareholder of the company. In the end, the court allows a representative of the deceased directors to appoint the new directors of the company. So that, the transfer of the shares to the beneficiary will be done by the appointed directors. 5. 4 ABILITY TO OWN PROPERTY Beside that, the company has the ability to own its own property in its own name. Section 19(5) of the Companies Act 1965 mention that the company can own land but the company actually can own any kind of property also. This is due to the facts that the company is a separate legal entity from its members. The property that the company own is indeed for the company and not for the members. Even the person is own all the share of the company but he is not entitle to own the company’s property. The case of Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Ltd can illustrate the natures of the ownership of the company well. Macaura owned an estate in Ireland. He sold all the timber on the estate to a company, Irish Canadian Sawmills Ltd. The property of the company is its own nor his nominees. Other than that, he is also a substantial creditor of the company. Macaura then took an insurance policy to the timber he had sold to the company in his own name. Two week after affecting the insurance, the timber was destroyed in a fire. Macaura then put a claim for compensation against the insurance company for the loss suffered. But then, the insurance company refuses to pay. The court found that that Insurance Company is right because once Macaura sold the timber to the company, then the timber is wholly owned by the company. Macaura has no more interest on the timber that he could insure. Therefore the insurance company did not have obligation to pay for Macaura. 5. 5 LIMITED LIABILITIES FOR ITS MEMBERS Another important and unique feature of the company once it was incorporated is the liability of the members of the company is limited. As the company can own property in its own name, it means that the liability of company’s is also for in its own, not for the members. Even if the person is a director of the company and running the company as well as contracts the debts of the company, the company is the one who is liable. The members of the company cannot be sued for the debts of the company. In other words, the members are fully protected and their personal property cannot take away on behalf to pay any debts or liabilities of the company. The case of Salomon v Salomon amp; Co give a proper sight on how the company is the only one liable for its liabilities and debts during liquidations. Therefore the company should settle any debts to the secure creditors of the company before settle any liabilities to the other creditors. The members of the company are not involved. However, as members of the company, they have some liabilities but the liabilities are limited. The liability of members for company is quietly different with the liabilities for the members in partnership. The liabilities of the members of the company is depends on the types of the company that being incorporated. In the case of the company limited by guarantee, a member is liable to contribute to the company’s assets on winding up only up to the amount that he agreed to guarantee. It is stated under section 214(1)(e) Companies Act 1965. For the company limited by shares, the members are called upon to contribute capital once, when the shares are issued to them. A holder of fully paid shares are not entitle from being asked to contribute more to the company to pays its debt or liabilities. The special situation is when the company is choosing to be unlimited company. All of the members in unlimited company can contribute without limit to the company. Even though the company is unlimited, it does not mean that, if the creditor wants to sue the company they cannot directly go towards to the members. As the members and the company is separate legal entity, the creditors have to sue the company. If the company cannot pay all of their liabilities, then the company is eligible to be liquidation. When the liquidation taken place, all of the members will be called for contribution to pay the liabilities of the company using their own property or assets. Not only the members but the directors and officers also responsible for the company’s liabilities if the company cannot pay the liabilities anymore. The case of Re Application by Yee Yut Ee (1978) held is the example case of the limited liabilities of the company’s members. Regarding to the case, the court held that except in cases of fraud, breach of warranty of authority or other exceptional circumstances, a director is not liable for any debts of an incorporated company. 6. 0 TYPES OF COMPANY To ensemble the purpose which a company may practice, the Companies Act 1965 allows the formations of different types of companies. Under section 16(4) of the act provides four types of company which are classified according to the liability of the members are; a) Company limited by shares b) Company limited by guarantee c) Company limited by both shares and guarantee ) Unlimited company 6. 1 COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES Section 4 of the act define the company limited by shares as â€Å"a company formed on the principle of having the liability of its members limited by Memorandum to the amount unpaid on the shares respectively held by them†. Therefore, the liability of a member’s contribution to the company’s assets is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid of shares. If the shares are fully paid, therefore the members are no longer being called for contribute if the company facing difficulties in paying its liabilities. 6. 2 COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE Under section 4 of the acts, it also defines company limited by guarantee as â€Å"a company formed on the principle of having the liability of its members limited in Memorandum to such an amount as the members may respectively undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up†. The liability of the members to contribute to the company only arises when the company is going to be wound up. Therefore, the members are protected by guarantee that they are only be liable when the company not able to pay all its debts and going to liquidation. . 3 COMPANY LIMITED BY BOTH SHARES AND GUARANTEE Company limited by both shares and guarantee is the company that have a members holing shares and also given guarantee in the same time. This requires its members to be liable to pay amount for any unpaid on any shares held by them in addition to meeting their guarantee undertaking to contribute a specified amount in the event the company is going to wound up. 6. 4 UNLIMITED COMPANY Unlimited company is â€Å"a company formed on the principle of having no limit place on the liability of its members†. The members of unlimited company are agreed to be liable in winding up for the liabilities of the company. The members will have no limited contribution if the company facing liquidation. The condition is almost similar with partnership but it is in form of incorporation. Limited liability is the most reason why the company being incorporated, therefore the unlimited company is quite rare nowadays especially in trading company. This kind of company is most used in Mutual Funds or in Investment Company. 7. 0 PRIVATE AND PUBLIC COMPANY All of the types of companies can be classified into two kinds of company which is Private and Public Company. 7. 1 PRIVATE COMPANY Companies Acts 1965 provided Private Companies under section 4(1) as: a) Any company which immediately prior to the commencement of the act was a private company under the repealed written law, b) Any company incorporated as private company by virtue of its predecessors which have retained its private status, c) Any company converted into a private company and which has not ceased to be private company. The private company serves as important vehicle of the small group of companies to advantage themselves to become a corporate entity. To be a private company, the company must have share capital, therefore the Company limited by guarantee is prohibited to become as a private company. Under the Memorandum or Article of association of the private company should contain certain restrictions, limitations and prohibitions as: a) Restricting the right to transfer its shares, b) Limiting its members to not more than 50 persons ) Prohibiting any invitation to the public to subscribe for any shares in or debentures of the company, d) Prohibiting any invitation or offer to the public to deposit money with the company for a fixed period or payable at call whether bearing interest or not. As a private company has more than one class of shares, then the restrictions must be apply to all classes of shares it must be mentions in the Memorandum or Article of Association of the company. The restricti ons of transfer may include several forms. First is, if the members want to transfer the shares he holds, he must issued it first to the other members in the company. Second is, the clause of the company already give discretion to the directors of a private company to refuse any transfer of the shares without assigning any reason. One major effect of restriction is that the person who whishes to join a private company may be prohibited from doing so. The restrictions means that the existing members of a company who whishes to transfer his shares may find that it is unable to do so. The members may do so only by transferring his shares to the selected members at a price that already set up by the company. Another effect that will taken place due to the restriction of the shares is in term of the marketability and value of the shares in private company. This also affects the ability of the members to gain any gain or retains control over the private company. If the private company breaching any prohibition provided in the Memorandum or Article of Association submitted to the registrar, the High Court may order to determine that the company ceased to be a private company on such a date made by the High Court. The notice from the registrar of company will be issued upon the ceased of the company to be a private company. a private company must have the word â€Å"Sendirian† or â€Å"Sdn† as part of its name that inserted before the word â€Å"Berhad† or â€Å"Bhd†. Hence, the name of the private limited company will end as â€Å"Sendirian Berhad† or â€Å"Sdn. Bhd or jus â€Å"Sendirian† for the private unlimited company. 7. 2 PUBLIC COMPANY Public company means â€Å"a company other than the private company† under the Companies Act 1965, section 4(1). A public company not affected by any restrictions, limitations, and prohibitions as the private company. In the simple words, the public company is freely to give invitation or offer their shares in or debentures to the public. Therefore, the public or interested investors may become as a members of the public company. Basically, most of the public company is listed in Malaysian Stock Exchange. The major disadvantage of public company is the inability of the company to exercise or commence business without the grant of the certificate. It is prove to be extremely inconvenient particularly in cases where arrangements for the financing of the company are to be made immediately after the incorporation. Therefore, in avoiding this cases is arising, nowadays, most of the newly formed company are chosen to be private company before transfer it into public company later on. The company that originally incorporated as public company is a company that has a share capital which does not issue a prospectus on or a reference to its incorporation may not allot any of it shares or debentures. Therefore, the company must not commence any business or exercise any borrowing power before get the grant of certification to entitle the company to commence business. But, before the registrar issue the certificate of commencing business, the company must accomplish certain condition which is: a) There has been lodged with the registrar a statement in lieu of prospectus, b) Every director of the company has paid to the company on the shares taken or contracted to be taken by the director, c) There has been lodge with the registrar a statutory declaration by the secretary or one of the directors that two of the requirement stated has been complied with. 8. 0 COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC COMPANY There are several distinctions between a private and public company. The comparison will be classified in forms of function, transfer of shares, memberships, name of the company, contents of Memorandum and Article, Director, and meetings. For the function, the private companies can commence its business and exercise all the functions as an incorporated body, including its borrowing powers, upon the issues of the incorporations. For the case of the public company, it must obtain any certificate from the registrar before commence and exercise its power. A public company is not bound to any restriction, limitation, and prohibition as the private company. A members public company is freely issues their shares and debentures to the public. The private company is restricted to issue their shares and debentures to the outsides and have to issues first the shares to the existing members. All of the restrictions, limitation, and prohibition of the private company must be stated in the Memorandum or in the article of association. For the public company, it is not imposed by the Act. The membership of the private company must not exceed 50 members, whereas there is no limitation number of members for the public company. The name formation of name of the company of the private company must have the words of â€Å"Sendirian† or â€Å"Sdn† before the words of ‘Berhad† or â€Å"Bhd†. Whereas, for the public company, it is restricted to have the word ‘Sendirian† or â€Å"Sdn† but must end with the word of â€Å"Berhad† or â€Å"Bhd† after the name. The private company is not restricted to appoint the directors that over the age of 70 years. Private company and public company are required to hold their first annual meeting 18 months of the incorporations. 9. 0 CONCLUSION The reason why company is incorporated is because of the unique features of the company which is become as â€Å"corporate person† and assures its members to holds limited liabilities. A company is very different to the other form of business as sole proprietorship and partnership. Once the company being incorporated, it may enjoy a ‘life† as a normal persons which it become a corporate entity, can sue and being sued under its name, have perpetual succession, can have its own property and the liability of its members are limited. But in order to enjoy the unique feature of the company, it must follow several procedures and legal requirement to get the certificate of incorporations. A company did not set up immediately in just a blink of eyes. Therefore, promoter needed to start the jog in incorporates a company. A promoter is can be in person also in a form of company. Any benefit or gain that the promoter receives during the process of incorporations must be disclosed to the members also to the third party as well to avoid the conflict of interest and to smooth the work of the liquidator upon winding up. There have four types of company which is a company limited by shares, company limited by guarantee, company limited by both shares and guarantee, and unlimited company. All this kind of company can be in form of Private or Public Company but the company limited by guarantee are not eligible under Private company as its have no share capital. The company has to state the requirements to become a private company in its memorandum or article of associations. All the restrictions, limitation, and prohibition of the private company must be stated as well. The private and public company have several different characteristic as the name, transfer of shares and more. Both of this kind of company has their own strength and weaknesses so it is depends to the individual whether to become as the members in private or public company.