Iron and Its Importance to Nutrition and Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2019 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? It may be taken for granted the impact that the food we eat has to our overall health. The body absorbs nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, from the food that is consumed and uses it in several functions. These vitamins and minerals play many vital roles in reactions and metabolic pathways. Dietary iron is a mineral that is essential to several functions of the body and deficiency will result in negative effects. Iron is an element with the symbol Fe on the periodic table. Its atomic number is 26 and its atomic mass is 55.845 g/mol (8). Synonyms of iron include: ferrum, ferrous ion, ferryl ion, and ferric ion (1,8). Iron plays an important role in the human body â€Å"existing in complex forms bound to protein (hemoprotein), as heme compounds (hemoglobin or myoglobin), heme enzymes, or nonheme compounds (flavin-iron enzymes, transferrin, and ferritin)† (1). The importance of iron in the body stems from its ability to interconvert readily between two relatively stable oxidation states (Fe2+or ferrous iron and Fe3+or ferric iron). This ability makes iron a useful component of oxygen-binding molecules in hemoglobin and myoglobin, cytochrome and diverse enzymatic reactions including DNA synthesis, lipid metabolism and free radical scavenging. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Iron and Its Importance to Nutrition and Health" essay for you Create order Iron plays a role in several metabolic pathways. â€Å"By exploiting the oxidation state, redox potential and electron spin state of iron, it is particularly suited to participate in a large number of useful biochemical reactions† (12). Iron is a cofactor; a non-protein essential molecule to enzymatic function. A specific enzyme that utilizes iron as a cofactor is tryptophan hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction of tryptophan hydroxylation to produce 5-hydroxytryptophan, which is the first step of the production of serotonin; a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood (12). Iron’s role in the reaction of tryptophan hydroxylation, â€Å"can be described in two parts: 1) reaction of the tetrahydropterin, oxygen, and the active site iron to form the reactive hydroxylating intermediate and 2) insertion of oxygen into the amino acid substrate† (12). The specific mechanism at the iron activation site involves the interaction of 4a-peroxypterin ei ther as the formation of a Fe II-peroxypterin intermediate or the direct transfer of an oxygen atom (12). The result of hydroxylation of tryptophan is the addition of a hydroxyl group to the amino acid. Just as iron is a useful cofactor to tryptophan hydroxylase, it is a cofactor to several other enzymes as well such as: tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, xanthine oxidase and ribonucleoside reductase (12). Without iron, these enzymes would not function properly and the reactions that they catalyze would be affected. Therefore, the body needs iron for the catalysis of metabolic reactions. For the body to utilize iron, it must be consumed, absorbed and metabolized. Once iron is consumed, it is absorbed in the small intestine, specifically the duodenum and upper jejunum. Absorption occurs by the enterocytes, intestinal absorptive cells, via transport proteins such as divalent metal transporter 1 and heme carrier protein 1 (1). The enterocytes are responsible for reducing insoluble ferric (Fe3+) ions to absorbable ferrous (Fe2+) ions. For nonheme iron, the ionic forms (Fe2+ and Fe3+), the absorption depends on the pH at the absorption site (1). In contrast, absorption of heme iron does not depend on pH and is â€Å"metabolized in the enterocytes by heme oxygenase†. Heme iron is absorbed more easily and thus the larger source of dietary iron than non-heme (10). Dietary iron occurs in two forms: heme and nonheme. Heme iron is only found in the flesh of animals such as meats, poultry, and fish. Heme iron accounts for about 10% of the average daily iron intake but it is so well absorbed that it contributes a significant amount of iron to the body (17). Heme iron is highly bioavailable and is not influenced by the dietary factors. Nonheme iron is found in both plant-derived and animal derived foods such as nuts, beans, vegetables and fortified grain products (16). Nonheme iron is present as either the reduced ferrous (Fe2+) form or the oxidized ferric (Fe3+) form. However, its formation of insoluble ferric complexes reduces bioavailability in the intestine. Besides, there are several dietary factors affecting nonheme iron absorption. The MFP factor and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) enhance nonheme absorption when foods are eaten at the same meal. Some acids (citric and lactic) and sugar (fructose) will have the same effect on nonheme iron. However, some factors such as the phytates in legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, vegetable proteins (soybeans), calcium in milk, the polyphenols (tannic acid in tea, coffee, grain products, oregano, and red wine) have an inhibiting effect on nonheme absorption (16). The balance of iron metabolism is critical because the body lacks a mechanism for iron excretion, thus absorption is the main regulation of iron (1). Absorption of iron increases when the iron storage is empty or low. Iron absorption decreases when the iron storage is full. Once the iron is absorbed from the diet, the iron storage protein called ferritin captures iron from food and stores it in the mucosal cells in the intestine. The absorption of intestinal iron is regulated in several ways. The first mechanism is called the dietary regulator in which the accumulation of intracellular iron reaches a threshold in which the absorptive enterocytes resist to acquire more iron (17). However, it may occur even in the presence of systemic iron deficiency. The second mechanism is termed as the stores regulator in which iron levels are sensed in response to the saturation of plasma transferrin with iron (17). The third mechanism is known as erythropoietic regulator in which iron responds to the requirements for erythropoiesis. It is achieved by sensing a soluble signal sent out by plasma from the bone marrow to the intestine (13). The protein that helps to regulate iron absorption from the small intestine and controls the release of iron from the liver, spleen and bone marrow is known as hepcidin. Hepcidin is produced in the liver. Production of hepcidin decreases in iron deficiency and increases in iron overloaded by inhibiting ferroportin I to uptake more iron (14). When the body needs iron, ferritin releases iron from the enterocytes to the transferrin, an iron transport protein. It is achieved by transporting the internalized Fe2+ to the bloodstream through the basolateral membrane via another transporter named ferroportin. The Fe2++is re-oxidized to Fe3++during the transport. The transferrin carries the iron as an iron-transferrin complex and circulates in the plasma until it binds with specific transferrin receptors on erythroid cells in the bone marrow and other tissues. The iron-transferrin-transferrin receptor complex is internalized into the cell through endocytosis. The iron is released from the transferrin and transferrin returns back to plasma to pick up more iron (5). The bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of red blood cells where iron-containing hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen from lungs to tissues. Iron in hemoglobin can help the red blood cells to maintain their shape and functionality. However, lifespan of the red blood cells is about 4 months. After that, the liver and spleen will dismantle the old red blood cells and remove them from the blood. Iron will be re-attached to the transferrin which transports iron back to bone marrow for making new red blood cells (15). Iron is recycled and reused. The surplus of iron is stored in the protein ferritin, primarily in liver and other storage location is in the bone marrow and spleen. Ferritin is constantly made and supplies iron to bone marrow and other tissues. When the supply of iron is excessively high, liver will convert some ferritin into hemosiderin. Hemosiderin is an iron storage complex which less readily releases iron (1). Storing excess iron in hemosiderin protects the body against the free iron that could attack cell lipids, DNA and proteins (1). However, if the body does not need iron and the iron is not absorbed, the iron will be excreted in feces. In order to take in the adequate amount of iron and for these metabolic processes to occur, it is important to know how much should be consumed. The recommended daily intake for infants from birth to 6 months old is 0.27 milligram (mg). For infants between 7 to 12 months, the daily intake is 11 mg. Young children aged 1 to 3 years old needs about 7 mg while 4 to 8 years old need about 10 mg. Daily intake for preteen (9-13 years old) is 8 mg. However, females during puberty (14- 18 years old) require 15 mg and adult women (19 to 50 years) in their reproductive years need 18 milligrams a day due to blood loss during menstruation. Additional iron (27 mg) is needed during pregnancy to support the growth of the fetus, added blood volume and blood loss during delivery. However, women after menopause need only 8 mg per day. The recommended daily intake for male adolescent (14 to 18 years old) and adult men after 19 years old is 11 mg (16). Without meeting the nutritional requirements for ir on, deficiency can occur and lead to negative effects. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency. It accounts for 30% of world population, mostly found in toddlers, adolescent girls and women of childbearing age (18). Iron deficiency is a state of having depleted iron stores, meaning that ron storage in ferritin and hemosiderin is progressively diminished and no longer meets the needs of normal iron turnover. It then leads to a shortage of iron supply to tissues which results in a decrease in transferrin saturation and an increase in transferrin receptors in the circulation and on the surface of the cells (18). When iron-deficiency results in a low hemoglobin concentration, iron deficiency anemia occurs (IDA). IDA is characterized by pale (hypochromic) and small (microcytic) red blood cells. Since IDA leads to a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis, the red blood cells are not able to carry enough oxygen from the lungs to tissues which causes the energy metabolism in the cells to decrease (3). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia have a significant impact on cognitive performance, work capacity and productivity and pregnancy (18). WHO reported that iron deficiency anemia is related to delay in psychomotor development, impaired cognitive performance, lower IQ scores, weakness, tiredness, headaches, apathy, pallor, poor resistance to cold temperature, increased maternal mortality, prenatal and perinatal infant loss and prematurity, and increased morbidity from infectious diseases. It is reported that â€Å"leukocytes have a reduced capacity to kill ingested microorganism and lymphocytes a decreased ability to replicate when stimulated by mitogen† (18). Another iron deficiency related disorder is known as pica. It is especially common among women and children in low-income groups (7). Pica is a craving for and consumption of nonfood substances such as clay, baby powder, chalk, ash, ceramics, paper, paint chips, or charcoal. In fact, those substances commonly craved and consumed inhibit iron absorption making pica associated with iron deficiency (7). Iron supplementation is the most common way to treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Usually oral iron therapy is the first choice because it is simple, inexpensive and relatively effective in treating iron deficiency. However, noncompliance is common. Long course treatment (3 to 4 weeks) and limited intestinal absorption makes the oral iron therapy less ideal. Treatment with intravenous (IV) iron therapy is an alternative to the oral iron therapy. The advantage of IV iron therapy is â€Å"faster higher increases of hemoglobin levels and body iron stores† (19). Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is a stable complex, not predisposed to anaphylactic reactions and allows administration of large doses (15mg/kg maximum of 1000 mg/infusion) in a single shot. It also has a shorter therapeutic session (15 minutes infusion) that makes IV iron therapy more appealing (19). Taking supplements between meals, before bedtime, or on an empty stomach enhance iron absorption. However , constipation is a common side effect. Moreover, iron supplementation always works better with an iron-rich, absorption enhancing diet. Iron is a critical mineral to the body with many functions including: supporting metabolism, cofactors to enzymes to aid in metabolic reaction, and aiding normal cellular growth and development. Careful iron balance and adequate iron intake are important to prevent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. As is important with adequate nutritional intake of iron, it is also important to consume the recommended amounts of all vitamins and minerals. A well balanced diet can meet these nutritional requirements, which will aid in metabolic pathways needed for proper bodily function.

Internal Parameters When Managing Risk Management Essay

Risk Management: Risk management of his family and property to reduce the effect, usually at the end of a special task force to organize a relative or related words, prosperity and security risk or in crisis, to identify and evaluate a high priority. You threatened the welfare administration and strategy, as well as some pieces of the owner to ensure safety needs help. Internal parameters when managing risk for the Organisation: Roles and Responsibilities: †¢ Please identify philosophy and a breakdown of the fiscal impact of the misfortune of the association, representatives of the wider society, and the nature of turf. †¢ Exploring the use of sensible and practical opportunities for business protection maintenance programs to adjust. Information system: Information system risk management is an information system that helps property values, demand, policy, and disclosure of information consolidation and reporting capabilities to provide the monitoring and management allow the user to monitor and control the total cost of risk. External parameters when managing risk for the Organisation: International- in this one we mainly preferred to give good facilities to international student like airport pick up, good bag packer. Economic- it’s depend on the currency if new Zealand got higher currency then have to [pay much as a fee. Political- immigration going strict day by day mainly it see the attendance of students for the next visa. And also check everything related to theShow MoreRelatedRisks Of Risk Management Discipline Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRisk is the chance that the actual return from an investment may differ from what is expected. (Hickman, K. A., Byrd, J. 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Technological Influences Good or Bad Free Essays

Technological Influences: Good or Bad? Our generation has been fortunate enough to have the privilege of growing up in the 21st century and using technology in our everyday lives. Previous generations were not as fortunate as us; they did not get to have the technology lifestyle as we do. Our digital access offers our generation technological advances that can either be harming our future or benefitting it. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Influences: Good or Bad? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology has affected many teenagers and their families. The Growing Up Online goes into depth about the pressures and benefits with the internet and technology. In the video, many teens admit the technological advances are becoming a little too out of control. A child named Ryan Halligan committed suicide because of all the online threats and cyber bullying he was receiving. His father had no idea about the severity of these letters his son was receiving because they were all read by Ryan in the privacy of his own room. The anonymous messages were only possible through the use of this technology. Ryan’s ability to keep his online life private and away from his parent’s eyes is also a result of the digital technology. People are starting to express their feelings online, and not to other peoples’ faces. The cyber bully who was sending Ryan these horrible messages, would not confront Ryan at school, he would only harass him online. Technology is starting to create a world of people who are becoming less social. This is just one example of how the online world can create horrible worlds for the people who use it. Greg Burta is a teenager who was always isolated in the privacy of his room with his eyes locked in hard on the computer. He would play video games constantly or use the computer to â€Å"read† novels in five minutes. He would rarely leave his room and grew very impatient toward his family. This got to be so bad that his parents would text or email him, while in the same house, because it was the best way to get ahold of him. His grades were slipping and his relationship with his family began to plunge. Greg was not a special exception either; many kids today are doing the exact same thing, if not worse. They become so locked up in their rooms that they don’t know how to have fun any differently.. The use of computers, phones, and TVs is becoming an obsessive â€Å"hobby† that is starting to make people less social, and overweight. Their need to be constantly connected with their phones or on computers scares me for our future. The video Digital Nation gives more examples about the side effects of the internet. It shows one study about how technology can truly lead to death. In South Korea, there are miniature cafes called â€Å"PC Bongs,† people go to these cafes and become addicted to playing video games. Young men stay in these cafes for hours, and even days at a time, only playing video games. This is an addiction that can be very dangerous, and it has even led to death. These boys can get so engrossed in their gaming that they fail to eat or drink, and can play to the true point of physical exhaustion, and even death. Sitting on a couch for hours and even days is not beneficial for people’s health, and even their eyes. People need to be active and more social during the day instead of wasting time playing these games. The online world had a good impact of a girl named Amber. She used pages like Myspace and Facebook to feel important and pretty to people. When she wasn’t on these sites, she felt unimportant and useless. Amber would take explicit and questionable pictures of her self posing inappropriately and post them on Facebook and Myspace. When she would receive positive comments about the pictures, it would comfort her and make her feel beautiful. Her parents were completely blindsided when the principal relayed this onto them. He said that parents, students, and teachers had seen explicit pictures of their daughter and that it was completely unethical and inappropriate. They had no idea that Amber was doing any of this because when she used the computer, she was in her own safe haven of her bedroom. For Amber, the online world was a good way to express herself and her feelings. Most teens that do what Amber did become so caught up with their other online side that they can sometimes forget who they really are. The internet is a very good way for people to stay in touch with each other. In present times, people are video chatting, e-mailing, and instant messaging from all over the world. I went to Spain over the summer to stay with family, and emailing or using video chat made it so easy for my family and friends to connect with each other. The internet is also a good way to catch up on the latest information and news. This feature benefitted me and many others greatly. Every day the latest headlines from the news hits the internet faster than it goes onto paper. Many people rely on the internet for news about the stock market, foreign affairs, local news, and our country’s news. It has become very popular and almost a necessity in our country. Technological advances do have positive and negative side effects on our generation. Teens do too wrapped up in the technology that we have today. The boy that cyber bullied Ryan online, sending him vulgar messages, took advantage of the internet and used it to harm Ryan, but to feel better about himself. This could easily have been avoided if he was educated about the harmful effects of the online world. Greg played video games and used the computer to get summaries about books he didn’t want to read. He should have time limits for the uses of technological machines so he doesn’t get too carried away. Amber created a place where she felt comfortable by making an online persona. This site she had helped her gain confidence by all of the positive comments people left, even though she exploited herself. Without the news of current event, it would be hard to keep up on what is happening in the world. The technological advances that we have today give us a tremendous amount of knowledge and lessons that we can use our everyday life. Teens learn not to cyber bully because they know the possible outcomes. Some learn to understand that they need limits on machines, and some learn between right and wrong. People use the technological advances for everything these days, and now that they have been introduced, not very many people would even consider going without. 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Relevant And Achievable Goals For Project â€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Relevant And Achievable Goals For Project? Answer: Introducation The case study is on an organization that is related to multinational oil company that has multiple storage facility that has been located in Australia. This company owns and operates the oil tank farms in every state in Australia in order to supply the domestic markets with automotive flow of fuel and oils (Barkemeyer et al., 2014). Here, in this company the Project Management Officers (PMO) of Melbourne determines the priorities, the scopes and the main target of the project. This organizations depends on the terms and conditions on which the work and engagement has to be done whole completing the task. The division on revenues has created a division in the organization. This helps in the development of the business case for substantial repair of work that has the target to be completed decreasing the fines related to the environment and optimizes availability and throughput of all the locations. The more the throughput the more is the profit of the company. There is a high potential for the oil industry to contribute in the affordable energy resource and therefore specifically focuses on the area and options that are not similar to the other companys aspect (Haapala et al., 2013). There has been a planning made by the Australian government that collaborates and with the clients of this gas industry identifying the unique approach to improve the sustainability in the organization. Scope for the case study According to the case study, due to the requirement of unappeasable need of energy, the role of oil industry is now much more vital than ever. Since the oil and gas resources provides many of the most important, costliest and densest energy sources available. Many of the major oil industries are present in Australia contributes a major part in the economy. Methods and process used to determine the scope of the project In the case study we can see that there are several times where there are ups and down of production in the oil industry. The tanks and the reservoirs may produce 10-20% of oil more than even expected while many other produce lesser. This a great deal for the Project management Officer to have track of such records and hence accordingly plan. Even there are situations where the oil fields may contain residual water that drives up well with the hydrocarbons. This results in more amount of water and lesser amounting of oil after a certain time period. The cost of the extraction of oil and separation the water may also result in the loss making operations. Identification of stakeholders and the importance of each scope Australian oil and gas industry controllers will take an interest on the Standards Australia Technical Mirror Committee, alongside key industry partners. This will help fabricate a broadly steady way to deal with the take-up of these measures over Australia's administrative administrations. The improvement of oil and gas guidelines will help advance supportability and development and upgrade interfaces between partners over the vitality assets segment. These are vital objectives for Standards Australia and NERA alike, making it a coherent and key joint effort Key deliverables and acceptance criteria of the project Australia's oil and gas industry remains a noteworthy supporter of its economy, with the nation's coal and gas divisions having an especially vital impact. As per KPMG, the oil, gas and vitality businesses are real supporters of the Australian economy, and include twofold the commitment of the ranger service and angling ventures. Overview of the case study There are several stages in the case study of oil industry as in the case study. These oil fields have almost a lifetime span ranging from 15-30 years. This life cycle contributes from the first oil to abandonment. This production can last almost up to 50 years or even more than that to get the latest deposit. Life cycle stages Different stages of the life cycle in this field: The start up phase: This life cycle span is about two to three years. In this time period, the production increments gradually as the well/tanks are more drilled. The Plateau production phase: This is the stage where the outcome stabilizes. In this stage the life span is almost about of 2-3 years. There is requirement of more than 2-3 in some of the other fields. Decline phase: In this stage the production generally falls at the rate from 1-10% per year. When the production comes to an end a huge amount of oil or even gas may remain underground. There is a requirement of constant improvement in the oil industry and hence in the rate of recovery by using enhanced techniques of recovery. In the given case study, there are three tanks where there are three tanks. Tank 1 Capacity: 1 million liters unleaded petrol (ULP) 4 Steel Patches averaging 2m2 in size. 4 Steel anchors required on top of tank for working at heights Cleaning and repaint of outside of tank Time to fill each tank: 4 to 6 hours Tank 2 Capacity: 3 million liters unleaded petrol (ULP) 7 Steel Patches averaging 3m2 in size. 4 Steel anchors required on top of tank for working at heights Cleaning and repaint of outside of tank Time to fill each tank: 8 to 10 hours Tank 3 Capacity: 7 million liters unleaded petrol (ULP) 6 Steel Patches averaging 1.5m2 in size. 4 Steel anchors required on top of tank for working at heights Replacement of main supply valve. Size: 300mm Diameter, in Stainless Steel. Cleaning and repaint of outside of tank Time to fill each tank: 18 to 20 hours Methods and Processes The site is a decreased triangular shape. The longest side is limited by the stacking docks. Another side has a deadlock street prompting the compartment terminal. The last side is limited by a little expert oil dispersion organization. The site is on an ascent with stacking gantry site underneath the tanks. Keeping in mind the end goal to take a shot at the tanks you should utilize one huge crane, one little crane and platform References Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L. and Tsang, S., 2014. What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland. sustainable development, 22(1), pp.15-32. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate account sustainability. Routledge. Blevis, E., Bdker, S., Flach, J., Forlizzi, J., Jung, H., Kaptelinin, V., Nardi, B. and Rizzo, A., 2015, April. Ecological perspectives in hci: Promise, problems, and potential. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2401-2404). ACM. Colson, C.M., Nehrir, M.H., Sharma, R.K. and Asghari, B., 2014. Improving sustainability of hybrid energy systems part ii: Managing multiple objectives with a multiagent system.IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,5(1), pp.46-54. Costa, A.O., Oliveira, L.B., Lins, M.P.E., Silva, A.C.M., Araujo, M.S.M., Pereira Jr, A.O. and Rosa, L.P., 2013. Sustainability analysis of biodiesel production: a review on different resources in Brazil.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,27, pp.407-412. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Haapala, K.R., Zhao, F., Camelio, J., Sutherland, J.W., Skerlos, S.J., Dornfeld, D.A., Jawahir, I.S., Clarens, A.F. and Rickli, J.L., 2013. A review of engineering research in sustainable manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 135(4), p.041013. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge.