Iron and Its Importance to Nutrition and Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2019 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? It may be taken for granted the impact that the food we eat has to our overall health. The body absorbs nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, from the food that is consumed and uses it in several functions. These vitamins and minerals play many vital roles in reactions and metabolic pathways. Dietary iron is a mineral that is essential to several functions of the body and deficiency will result in negative effects. Iron is an element with the symbol Fe on the periodic table. Its atomic number is 26 and its atomic mass is 55.845 g/mol (8). Synonyms of iron include: ferrum, ferrous ion, ferryl ion, and ferric ion (1,8). Iron plays an important role in the human body â€Å"existing in complex forms bound to protein (hemoprotein), as heme compounds (hemoglobin or myoglobin), heme enzymes, or nonheme compounds (flavin-iron enzymes, transferrin, and ferritin)† (1). The importance of iron in the body stems from its ability to interconvert readily between two relatively stable oxidation states (Fe2+or ferrous iron and Fe3+or ferric iron). This ability makes iron a useful component of oxygen-binding molecules in hemoglobin and myoglobin, cytochrome and diverse enzymatic reactions including DNA synthesis, lipid metabolism and free radical scavenging. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Iron and Its Importance to Nutrition and Health" essay for you Create order Iron plays a role in several metabolic pathways. â€Å"By exploiting the oxidation state, redox potential and electron spin state of iron, it is particularly suited to participate in a large number of useful biochemical reactions† (12). Iron is a cofactor; a non-protein essential molecule to enzymatic function. A specific enzyme that utilizes iron as a cofactor is tryptophan hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction of tryptophan hydroxylation to produce 5-hydroxytryptophan, which is the first step of the production of serotonin; a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood (12). Iron’s role in the reaction of tryptophan hydroxylation, â€Å"can be described in two parts: 1) reaction of the tetrahydropterin, oxygen, and the active site iron to form the reactive hydroxylating intermediate and 2) insertion of oxygen into the amino acid substrate† (12). The specific mechanism at the iron activation site involves the interaction of 4a-peroxypterin ei ther as the formation of a Fe II-peroxypterin intermediate or the direct transfer of an oxygen atom (12). The result of hydroxylation of tryptophan is the addition of a hydroxyl group to the amino acid. Just as iron is a useful cofactor to tryptophan hydroxylase, it is a cofactor to several other enzymes as well such as: tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, xanthine oxidase and ribonucleoside reductase (12). Without iron, these enzymes would not function properly and the reactions that they catalyze would be affected. Therefore, the body needs iron for the catalysis of metabolic reactions. For the body to utilize iron, it must be consumed, absorbed and metabolized. Once iron is consumed, it is absorbed in the small intestine, specifically the duodenum and upper jejunum. Absorption occurs by the enterocytes, intestinal absorptive cells, via transport proteins such as divalent metal transporter 1 and heme carrier protein 1 (1). The enterocytes are responsible for reducing insoluble ferric (Fe3+) ions to absorbable ferrous (Fe2+) ions. For nonheme iron, the ionic forms (Fe2+ and Fe3+), the absorption depends on the pH at the absorption site (1). In contrast, absorption of heme iron does not depend on pH and is â€Å"metabolized in the enterocytes by heme oxygenase†. Heme iron is absorbed more easily and thus the larger source of dietary iron than non-heme (10). Dietary iron occurs in two forms: heme and nonheme. Heme iron is only found in the flesh of animals such as meats, poultry, and fish. Heme iron accounts for about 10% of the average daily iron intake but it is so well absorbed that it contributes a significant amount of iron to the body (17). Heme iron is highly bioavailable and is not influenced by the dietary factors. Nonheme iron is found in both plant-derived and animal derived foods such as nuts, beans, vegetables and fortified grain products (16). Nonheme iron is present as either the reduced ferrous (Fe2+) form or the oxidized ferric (Fe3+) form. However, its formation of insoluble ferric complexes reduces bioavailability in the intestine. Besides, there are several dietary factors affecting nonheme iron absorption. The MFP factor and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) enhance nonheme absorption when foods are eaten at the same meal. Some acids (citric and lactic) and sugar (fructose) will have the same effect on nonheme iron. However, some factors such as the phytates in legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, vegetable proteins (soybeans), calcium in milk, the polyphenols (tannic acid in tea, coffee, grain products, oregano, and red wine) have an inhibiting effect on nonheme absorption (16). The balance of iron metabolism is critical because the body lacks a mechanism for iron excretion, thus absorption is the main regulation of iron (1). Absorption of iron increases when the iron storage is empty or low. Iron absorption decreases when the iron storage is full. Once the iron is absorbed from the diet, the iron storage protein called ferritin captures iron from food and stores it in the mucosal cells in the intestine. The absorption of intestinal iron is regulated in several ways. The first mechanism is called the dietary regulator in which the accumulation of intracellular iron reaches a threshold in which the absorptive enterocytes resist to acquire more iron (17). However, it may occur even in the presence of systemic iron deficiency. The second mechanism is termed as the stores regulator in which iron levels are sensed in response to the saturation of plasma transferrin with iron (17). The third mechanism is known as erythropoietic regulator in which iron responds to the requirements for erythropoiesis. It is achieved by sensing a soluble signal sent out by plasma from the bone marrow to the intestine (13). The protein that helps to regulate iron absorption from the small intestine and controls the release of iron from the liver, spleen and bone marrow is known as hepcidin. Hepcidin is produced in the liver. Production of hepcidin decreases in iron deficiency and increases in iron overloaded by inhibiting ferroportin I to uptake more iron (14). When the body needs iron, ferritin releases iron from the enterocytes to the transferrin, an iron transport protein. It is achieved by transporting the internalized Fe2+ to the bloodstream through the basolateral membrane via another transporter named ferroportin. The Fe2++is re-oxidized to Fe3++during the transport. The transferrin carries the iron as an iron-transferrin complex and circulates in the plasma until it binds with specific transferrin receptors on erythroid cells in the bone marrow and other tissues. The iron-transferrin-transferrin receptor complex is internalized into the cell through endocytosis. The iron is released from the transferrin and transferrin returns back to plasma to pick up more iron (5). The bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of red blood cells where iron-containing hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen from lungs to tissues. Iron in hemoglobin can help the red blood cells to maintain their shape and functionality. However, lifespan of the red blood cells is about 4 months. After that, the liver and spleen will dismantle the old red blood cells and remove them from the blood. Iron will be re-attached to the transferrin which transports iron back to bone marrow for making new red blood cells (15). Iron is recycled and reused. The surplus of iron is stored in the protein ferritin, primarily in liver and other storage location is in the bone marrow and spleen. Ferritin is constantly made and supplies iron to bone marrow and other tissues. When the supply of iron is excessively high, liver will convert some ferritin into hemosiderin. Hemosiderin is an iron storage complex which less readily releases iron (1). Storing excess iron in hemosiderin protects the body against the free iron that could attack cell lipids, DNA and proteins (1). However, if the body does not need iron and the iron is not absorbed, the iron will be excreted in feces. In order to take in the adequate amount of iron and for these metabolic processes to occur, it is important to know how much should be consumed. The recommended daily intake for infants from birth to 6 months old is 0.27 milligram (mg). For infants between 7 to 12 months, the daily intake is 11 mg. Young children aged 1 to 3 years old needs about 7 mg while 4 to 8 years old need about 10 mg. Daily intake for preteen (9-13 years old) is 8 mg. However, females during puberty (14- 18 years old) require 15 mg and adult women (19 to 50 years) in their reproductive years need 18 milligrams a day due to blood loss during menstruation. Additional iron (27 mg) is needed during pregnancy to support the growth of the fetus, added blood volume and blood loss during delivery. However, women after menopause need only 8 mg per day. The recommended daily intake for male adolescent (14 to 18 years old) and adult men after 19 years old is 11 mg (16). Without meeting the nutritional requirements for ir on, deficiency can occur and lead to negative effects. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency. It accounts for 30% of world population, mostly found in toddlers, adolescent girls and women of childbearing age (18). Iron deficiency is a state of having depleted iron stores, meaning that ron storage in ferritin and hemosiderin is progressively diminished and no longer meets the needs of normal iron turnover. It then leads to a shortage of iron supply to tissues which results in a decrease in transferrin saturation and an increase in transferrin receptors in the circulation and on the surface of the cells (18). When iron-deficiency results in a low hemoglobin concentration, iron deficiency anemia occurs (IDA). IDA is characterized by pale (hypochromic) and small (microcytic) red blood cells. Since IDA leads to a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis, the red blood cells are not able to carry enough oxygen from the lungs to tissues which causes the energy metabolism in the cells to decrease (3). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia have a significant impact on cognitive performance, work capacity and productivity and pregnancy (18). WHO reported that iron deficiency anemia is related to delay in psychomotor development, impaired cognitive performance, lower IQ scores, weakness, tiredness, headaches, apathy, pallor, poor resistance to cold temperature, increased maternal mortality, prenatal and perinatal infant loss and prematurity, and increased morbidity from infectious diseases. It is reported that â€Å"leukocytes have a reduced capacity to kill ingested microorganism and lymphocytes a decreased ability to replicate when stimulated by mitogen† (18). Another iron deficiency related disorder is known as pica. It is especially common among women and children in low-income groups (7). Pica is a craving for and consumption of nonfood substances such as clay, baby powder, chalk, ash, ceramics, paper, paint chips, or charcoal. In fact, those substances commonly craved and consumed inhibit iron absorption making pica associated with iron deficiency (7). Iron supplementation is the most common way to treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Usually oral iron therapy is the first choice because it is simple, inexpensive and relatively effective in treating iron deficiency. However, noncompliance is common. Long course treatment (3 to 4 weeks) and limited intestinal absorption makes the oral iron therapy less ideal. Treatment with intravenous (IV) iron therapy is an alternative to the oral iron therapy. The advantage of IV iron therapy is â€Å"faster higher increases of hemoglobin levels and body iron stores† (19). Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is a stable complex, not predisposed to anaphylactic reactions and allows administration of large doses (15mg/kg maximum of 1000 mg/infusion) in a single shot. It also has a shorter therapeutic session (15 minutes infusion) that makes IV iron therapy more appealing (19). Taking supplements between meals, before bedtime, or on an empty stomach enhance iron absorption. However , constipation is a common side effect. Moreover, iron supplementation always works better with an iron-rich, absorption enhancing diet. Iron is a critical mineral to the body with many functions including: supporting metabolism, cofactors to enzymes to aid in metabolic reaction, and aiding normal cellular growth and development. Careful iron balance and adequate iron intake are important to prevent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. As is important with adequate nutritional intake of iron, it is also important to consume the recommended amounts of all vitamins and minerals. A well balanced diet can meet these nutritional requirements, which will aid in metabolic pathways needed for proper bodily function.

Internal Parameters When Managing Risk Management Essay

Risk Management: Risk management of his family and property to reduce the effect, usually at the end of a special task force to organize a relative or related words, prosperity and security risk or in crisis, to identify and evaluate a high priority. You threatened the welfare administration and strategy, as well as some pieces of the owner to ensure safety needs help. Internal parameters when managing risk for the Organisation: Roles and Responsibilities: †¢ Please identify philosophy and a breakdown of the fiscal impact of the misfortune of the association, representatives of the wider society, and the nature of turf. †¢ Exploring the use of sensible and practical opportunities for business protection maintenance programs to adjust. Information system: Information system risk management is an information system that helps property values, demand, policy, and disclosure of information consolidation and reporting capabilities to provide the monitoring and management allow the user to monitor and control the total cost of risk. External parameters when managing risk for the Organisation: International- in this one we mainly preferred to give good facilities to international student like airport pick up, good bag packer. Economic- it’s depend on the currency if new Zealand got higher currency then have to [pay much as a fee. Political- immigration going strict day by day mainly it see the attendance of students for the next visa. And also check everything related to theShow MoreRelatedRisks Of Risk Management Discipline Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRisk is the chance that the actual return from an investment may differ from what is expected. (Hickman, K. A., Byrd, J. 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Technological Influences Good or Bad Free Essays

Technological Influences: Good or Bad? Our generation has been fortunate enough to have the privilege of growing up in the 21st century and using technology in our everyday lives. Previous generations were not as fortunate as us; they did not get to have the technology lifestyle as we do. Our digital access offers our generation technological advances that can either be harming our future or benefitting it. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Influences: Good or Bad? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology has affected many teenagers and their families. The Growing Up Online goes into depth about the pressures and benefits with the internet and technology. In the video, many teens admit the technological advances are becoming a little too out of control. A child named Ryan Halligan committed suicide because of all the online threats and cyber bullying he was receiving. His father had no idea about the severity of these letters his son was receiving because they were all read by Ryan in the privacy of his own room. The anonymous messages were only possible through the use of this technology. Ryan’s ability to keep his online life private and away from his parent’s eyes is also a result of the digital technology. People are starting to express their feelings online, and not to other peoples’ faces. The cyber bully who was sending Ryan these horrible messages, would not confront Ryan at school, he would only harass him online. Technology is starting to create a world of people who are becoming less social. This is just one example of how the online world can create horrible worlds for the people who use it. Greg Burta is a teenager who was always isolated in the privacy of his room with his eyes locked in hard on the computer. He would play video games constantly or use the computer to â€Å"read† novels in five minutes. He would rarely leave his room and grew very impatient toward his family. This got to be so bad that his parents would text or email him, while in the same house, because it was the best way to get ahold of him. His grades were slipping and his relationship with his family began to plunge. Greg was not a special exception either; many kids today are doing the exact same thing, if not worse. They become so locked up in their rooms that they don’t know how to have fun any differently.. The use of computers, phones, and TVs is becoming an obsessive â€Å"hobby† that is starting to make people less social, and overweight. Their need to be constantly connected with their phones or on computers scares me for our future. The video Digital Nation gives more examples about the side effects of the internet. It shows one study about how technology can truly lead to death. In South Korea, there are miniature cafes called â€Å"PC Bongs,† people go to these cafes and become addicted to playing video games. Young men stay in these cafes for hours, and even days at a time, only playing video games. This is an addiction that can be very dangerous, and it has even led to death. These boys can get so engrossed in their gaming that they fail to eat or drink, and can play to the true point of physical exhaustion, and even death. Sitting on a couch for hours and even days is not beneficial for people’s health, and even their eyes. People need to be active and more social during the day instead of wasting time playing these games. The online world had a good impact of a girl named Amber. She used pages like Myspace and Facebook to feel important and pretty to people. When she wasn’t on these sites, she felt unimportant and useless. Amber would take explicit and questionable pictures of her self posing inappropriately and post them on Facebook and Myspace. When she would receive positive comments about the pictures, it would comfort her and make her feel beautiful. Her parents were completely blindsided when the principal relayed this onto them. He said that parents, students, and teachers had seen explicit pictures of their daughter and that it was completely unethical and inappropriate. They had no idea that Amber was doing any of this because when she used the computer, she was in her own safe haven of her bedroom. For Amber, the online world was a good way to express herself and her feelings. Most teens that do what Amber did become so caught up with their other online side that they can sometimes forget who they really are. The internet is a very good way for people to stay in touch with each other. In present times, people are video chatting, e-mailing, and instant messaging from all over the world. I went to Spain over the summer to stay with family, and emailing or using video chat made it so easy for my family and friends to connect with each other. The internet is also a good way to catch up on the latest information and news. This feature benefitted me and many others greatly. Every day the latest headlines from the news hits the internet faster than it goes onto paper. Many people rely on the internet for news about the stock market, foreign affairs, local news, and our country’s news. It has become very popular and almost a necessity in our country. Technological advances do have positive and negative side effects on our generation. Teens do too wrapped up in the technology that we have today. The boy that cyber bullied Ryan online, sending him vulgar messages, took advantage of the internet and used it to harm Ryan, but to feel better about himself. This could easily have been avoided if he was educated about the harmful effects of the online world. Greg played video games and used the computer to get summaries about books he didn’t want to read. He should have time limits for the uses of technological machines so he doesn’t get too carried away. Amber created a place where she felt comfortable by making an online persona. This site she had helped her gain confidence by all of the positive comments people left, even though she exploited herself. Without the news of current event, it would be hard to keep up on what is happening in the world. The technological advances that we have today give us a tremendous amount of knowledge and lessons that we can use our everyday life. Teens learn not to cyber bully because they know the possible outcomes. Some learn to understand that they need limits on machines, and some learn between right and wrong. People use the technological advances for everything these days, and now that they have been introduced, not very many people would even consider going without. 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Relevant And Achievable Goals For Project â€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Relevant And Achievable Goals For Project? Answer: Introducation The case study is on an organization that is related to multinational oil company that has multiple storage facility that has been located in Australia. This company owns and operates the oil tank farms in every state in Australia in order to supply the domestic markets with automotive flow of fuel and oils (Barkemeyer et al., 2014). Here, in this company the Project Management Officers (PMO) of Melbourne determines the priorities, the scopes and the main target of the project. This organizations depends on the terms and conditions on which the work and engagement has to be done whole completing the task. The division on revenues has created a division in the organization. This helps in the development of the business case for substantial repair of work that has the target to be completed decreasing the fines related to the environment and optimizes availability and throughput of all the locations. The more the throughput the more is the profit of the company. There is a high potential for the oil industry to contribute in the affordable energy resource and therefore specifically focuses on the area and options that are not similar to the other companys aspect (Haapala et al., 2013). There has been a planning made by the Australian government that collaborates and with the clients of this gas industry identifying the unique approach to improve the sustainability in the organization. Scope for the case study According to the case study, due to the requirement of unappeasable need of energy, the role of oil industry is now much more vital than ever. Since the oil and gas resources provides many of the most important, costliest and densest energy sources available. Many of the major oil industries are present in Australia contributes a major part in the economy. Methods and process used to determine the scope of the project In the case study we can see that there are several times where there are ups and down of production in the oil industry. The tanks and the reservoirs may produce 10-20% of oil more than even expected while many other produce lesser. This a great deal for the Project management Officer to have track of such records and hence accordingly plan. Even there are situations where the oil fields may contain residual water that drives up well with the hydrocarbons. This results in more amount of water and lesser amounting of oil after a certain time period. The cost of the extraction of oil and separation the water may also result in the loss making operations. Identification of stakeholders and the importance of each scope Australian oil and gas industry controllers will take an interest on the Standards Australia Technical Mirror Committee, alongside key industry partners. This will help fabricate a broadly steady way to deal with the take-up of these measures over Australia's administrative administrations. The improvement of oil and gas guidelines will help advance supportability and development and upgrade interfaces between partners over the vitality assets segment. These are vital objectives for Standards Australia and NERA alike, making it a coherent and key joint effort Key deliverables and acceptance criteria of the project Australia's oil and gas industry remains a noteworthy supporter of its economy, with the nation's coal and gas divisions having an especially vital impact. As per KPMG, the oil, gas and vitality businesses are real supporters of the Australian economy, and include twofold the commitment of the ranger service and angling ventures. Overview of the case study There are several stages in the case study of oil industry as in the case study. These oil fields have almost a lifetime span ranging from 15-30 years. This life cycle contributes from the first oil to abandonment. This production can last almost up to 50 years or even more than that to get the latest deposit. Life cycle stages Different stages of the life cycle in this field: The start up phase: This life cycle span is about two to three years. In this time period, the production increments gradually as the well/tanks are more drilled. The Plateau production phase: This is the stage where the outcome stabilizes. In this stage the life span is almost about of 2-3 years. There is requirement of more than 2-3 in some of the other fields. Decline phase: In this stage the production generally falls at the rate from 1-10% per year. When the production comes to an end a huge amount of oil or even gas may remain underground. There is a requirement of constant improvement in the oil industry and hence in the rate of recovery by using enhanced techniques of recovery. In the given case study, there are three tanks where there are three tanks. Tank 1 Capacity: 1 million liters unleaded petrol (ULP) 4 Steel Patches averaging 2m2 in size. 4 Steel anchors required on top of tank for working at heights Cleaning and repaint of outside of tank Time to fill each tank: 4 to 6 hours Tank 2 Capacity: 3 million liters unleaded petrol (ULP) 7 Steel Patches averaging 3m2 in size. 4 Steel anchors required on top of tank for working at heights Cleaning and repaint of outside of tank Time to fill each tank: 8 to 10 hours Tank 3 Capacity: 7 million liters unleaded petrol (ULP) 6 Steel Patches averaging 1.5m2 in size. 4 Steel anchors required on top of tank for working at heights Replacement of main supply valve. Size: 300mm Diameter, in Stainless Steel. Cleaning and repaint of outside of tank Time to fill each tank: 18 to 20 hours Methods and Processes The site is a decreased triangular shape. The longest side is limited by the stacking docks. Another side has a deadlock street prompting the compartment terminal. The last side is limited by a little expert oil dispersion organization. The site is on an ascent with stacking gantry site underneath the tanks. Keeping in mind the end goal to take a shot at the tanks you should utilize one huge crane, one little crane and platform References Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L. and Tsang, S., 2014. What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland. sustainable development, 22(1), pp.15-32. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate account sustainability. Routledge. Blevis, E., Bdker, S., Flach, J., Forlizzi, J., Jung, H., Kaptelinin, V., Nardi, B. and Rizzo, A., 2015, April. Ecological perspectives in hci: Promise, problems, and potential. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2401-2404). ACM. Colson, C.M., Nehrir, M.H., Sharma, R.K. and Asghari, B., 2014. Improving sustainability of hybrid energy systems part ii: Managing multiple objectives with a multiagent system.IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,5(1), pp.46-54. Costa, A.O., Oliveira, L.B., Lins, M.P.E., Silva, A.C.M., Araujo, M.S.M., Pereira Jr, A.O. and Rosa, L.P., 2013. Sustainability analysis of biodiesel production: a review on different resources in Brazil.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,27, pp.407-412. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Haapala, K.R., Zhao, F., Camelio, J., Sutherland, J.W., Skerlos, S.J., Dornfeld, D.A., Jawahir, I.S., Clarens, A.F. and Rickli, J.L., 2013. A review of engineering research in sustainable manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 135(4), p.041013. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge.

Lord Singleworth free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Secret Essay, Research Paper electronic mail: mto395 @ lulu.acns.nwu.edutitle: Lord Singleworth # 8217 ; s Secret # 8221 ; Peoples are non yet clean so far they are simply perfumed # 8221 ; Lord SingleworthThis narrative takes topographic point in Venice, Italy. The narrative starts out with inquiries that have two possible solutions. We besides see this at the terminal of narrative when Lord Singleworth gives the two delegates the tally about as to the reply of the stake. From the inquiries asked in the first paragraph, we know that Lord Singleworth is a distinguished member of society. He is a rich, intelligent, and an aeronautic scientist who seemingly is non excessively fond of Venice. Throughout the full narrative, he contrasts between the beauty of the metropolis with something that is despicable. For illustration, he describes the beautiful architecture of many edifices in the metropolis. Then he talks about how dead the H2O is below the metropolis. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Singleworth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The writer is besides non fond of the Venetian people. Throughout the narrative, he says they gossip and speculate upon what he is making in the balloon. He besides talks about how the people # 8220 ; accept an reading which is apparently so undependable, # 8221 ; that it reaches # 8220 ; the ultimate bounds of local popularity. # 8221 ; It even reached the public talker Sir Toni di Bona. Norwid describes this individual as a harlequin, who has a lisp, and is fleshy. He even labels him a buffoon who makes upper category Venitians laugh by utilizing lower category wit, which is yet another struggle between cleanliness and uncleanness. He knows about the guesss of the people in Venice sing Lord Singleworth and his experiments, and chooses to support him. I believe Grazia defends Lord Singleworth merely to do money because at the terminal of his public presentation wealthy ladies had their retainers give money to the talker. The narrative is told in the first individual point of po sition. Although the individual # 8217 ; s name neer appears in the narrative, it is a 3rd delegate. The first delegate is Count Antonio della Brenta. He believes Lord Singleworth is up to some mischievousness whenever he goes up in the balloon. The other character is Signor di San Luca who is a doctor. He believes that Lord Singleworth goes up in the balloon merely to acquire fresh air. This is yet another reference of how the Venetian H2O odors so disgusting that it makes people ill. Both Count Antonio della Brenta and Signor di San Luca made a stake as to what Lord Singleworth really does in the air. Then the three of them ask to see Lord Singleworth to happen out the reply. The following twenty-four hours Lord Singleworth responds by stating that the metropolis with all it # 8217 ; s fancy constructions is built upon a # 8220 ; system of latrines. # 8221 ; He farther goes on and says that the hierarchy â€Å"must degrade a battalion of people, doing them animals without a sense of odor or any societal grace.† Here is yet another struggle between the hierarchy and the lower category. Lord Singleworth continues speaking about the uncleanliness of a lady dumping out her refuse from an flat window. Harmonizing to Lord Singleworth if she were to dump out her refuse from his balloon manner up in the air, she would non lend to the uncleanliness of the metropolis because at a higher lift there is merely cleanliness and that waste would vanish. Lord Singleworth continues by unwittingly stating that the talker Toni di Bona Grazia is responsible for distributing the rumours about his balloon and the falling piece of paper from the sky. This accusal may be true because Toni di Bona Grazia needs rumours so that he can gain from addresss supporting Lord Singleworth. Overall this narrative leaves the reader frustrated. Norwid begins his prose with several inquiries to which he does non reply, and leaves us hanging in the terminal. This is the type of narrative in which the scene is the most indispensable. There are many contrasts between the two societal categories and the beautiful metropolis built straight over a cloaca system. This narrative is symbolic with many societal, political and philosophical elements. The size of the narrative is decidedly kept to a minimal since there are many unreciprocated inquiries about some of the inside informations. However, Norwid seems to obtain his coveted consequence by speaking about the Venetian society and the struggles within it. The rubric of the narrative still keeps the reader in suspense since some of the inside informations are unreciprocated. It besides lets the audience know that the narrative focuses upon the events in one adult male # 8217 ; s life. The flood tide of the narrative is when the three delegates eventually confront Lord Singleworth with their conflicting sentiments about his behavior while he is up in the balloon. One delegate believes he is making experiments. Whereas, the other delegate feels he is up at that place for the exclusive intent of acquiring fresh air to help digestion. Overall, the secret plan is weak and solely focal points upon detecting what Lord Singleworth really does in his balloon. Lord Singleworth partly answers this inquiry by stating at higher lifts the air is fresher and cleaner, but at the same clip he besides takes his helper with him who likely does carry on experiments. Therefore, there neer truly is a declarati on to the balloon quandary and the reader is unsure as to the existent cause of Lord Singleworth # 8217 ; s behaviour and the logical thinking behind it.

Microscope observation of animal and plant cells Essay Example

Microscope observation of animal and plant cells Essay Example Microscope observation of animal and plant cells Essay Microscope observation of animal and plant cells Essay Cells represent the make up of our being as well as many other organisms whether they are unicellular or multicultural. Cells can also be complex or quite simplistic in design and contents, depending on the purpose of its function in an organism. Typically when studying cells some form of magnifications must be used to see the finest details of the cell, microscopes are used due to constraints in human eyes that only allow us to see to so much. In essence their use is to see what the eye cannot. This may include processes such as mitosis, phagotycosis and other forms of transport within the cell. Even though microscopes aid in viewing cellular content what can be seen my be limited due to the sizes of the actual organelles, or the types of stains used to highlight organelles within the cell. For example mitochondria cannot be seen with a standard lab light microscope. When scientist want to view the contents of a cell there are 2 main types of microscopes they use Light and Electron. All depending on the budget they have and the detail needed will determine which they would use. In this experiment we will make use of the light microscope.  Method  As per schedule until the cell is stained with Eosin, which instead of 2 minutes it was left for 20 seconds. Apart from this alteration the method is as per schedule Results  In this experiment we were not looking for actually results of tests, but here are the findings from viewing the microscope.  Cheek cell  Onion  Stomata.  All of the specimens where viewed under x100 magnification, this is achieved by the lenses on the eye piece producing x10 and then the objective lenses producing an additional x10 with in turn give x100 magnification.  Discussion  The focus of this practical involved making use of epithial tissue in animals and surface tissue in plants. There are different types of epithial cells the ones from the cheek cell are squamous epithelial cells. They form the epithial tissues that are continuous sheets, which cover most structures or cavities within the body.i Due to the limitations of the light microscopes, we are only able to observe some of the organelles within the 3 structures we viewed. To do this it involved making use of dyes to make parts of the cells visible. The two stains used were Haematoxylin and Eosin these are commonly referred to as HE stain. They are blue and red respectively. They both have separate functions and are used in conjunction to indentify different parts of the cell.  Haematoxylin is known as the basic stain as it identifies acidic material within in cells by turning them blue. Such structures include nucleic acid and nuclear material. These are then referred to as basophilic although some scientist debate on the use of the word.ii The counter part of haematoxylin is eosin, in opposition it is acidic and turns basic material within the cell red or a pink colour, depending on the concentration of eosin used. Parts of the cell thats are affected by eosin include the cytoplasm, because of its basic nature.  Haematoxylin is not really regarded as an actually a dye although this is debatable by some, where as eosin is an acid dye. Haematoxylin is able to develop colour-like properties when oxidized. Because of their different properties they both sow their importance in staining because of their characteristics.  As stated within the practical organelles were limited to what could be seen with the light microscope. An electron microscope would have highlighted organelles such as Golgi body, mitochondria etc. in three dimensions. Reference: Barbour, M. et al. (1997) Biology. London: Collins Educational http://protocolsonline.com/histology/haematoxylin-eosin-he-staining/ accessed on 17/11/2010 lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/MoreAbout/stains.html accessed on 17/11/2010

Employee Voice Mechanisms and Their Outcome Essay

Employee Voice Mechanisms and Their Outcome - Essay Example The paper tells that employee participation is the extent to which the employees are involved in the decisions of the company. This might include joint meetings, bargaining as a group and representation of workers on the board, but all the power lies with the management only. Therefore Rose comments that Employee voice covers, "a wide range of processes and structures which allow and even empower employees, directly or indirectly, to contribute to decision making within the organization". Further, into it, the discussion will cover aspects of voice mechanism in detail and how the current methods of voice have changed. Also, the various outcomes of such voice mechanisms for the workers will be dealt with. Finally, Legal changes and methods of improvement will also be discussed. In the early part of the twentieth century, the management of the working class by F.W. Taylor took a very controlled approach, particularly in the field where the workers had to be divided into their specializ ations. To keep a check on the functioning’s of these employees the management engaged a number of hierarchical roles of authority so as to maintain discipline, order, efficiency and to inculcate within them a sense of duty and not to oppose the management in its decisions. Increased competition and technological complicacies require higher skills and a commitment strategy. So accordingly nowadays, the workforce jobs are designed to include the functions of the firm and include severe of planning. The focus shifted from self to the performance of the team, that is, shared goals and technical know how. Standards need to be improved by and by and the company considers the efficiency of the group. Also very important is the matter of giving the employees an assurance or a security that they would be heard on various issues.

Oil Business and Power in Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oil Business and Power in Middle East - Essay Example These major oil exporting countries were undeveloped and poor before the discovery of oil. There was deficiency of money as well as technology necessary for mining and marketing the oil therefore the developed and well industrialized countries of the world took advantage of that situation and offered help for exploring the areas likely to enclose larger oil reservoirs. The Government of indigent Middle East countries made several agreements with these stable countries and allowed them to mine the oil resources. The oil business persuaded foreign intercession and it resulted in political stability among these nations (Bird, and Brown). Development in social condition in Middle East countries has been observed since after the expansion of oil business and power. The regime of oil exporting Middle East states spend the per annum yield of petroleum trade on the financial stability of the country. In addition to it, the profit from oil export increases the net income of citizens and it ul timately results in raising the living standards of common man.

DQ1 Comments NM and DQ Comments ST Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ1 Comments NM and DQ Comments ST - Assignment Example The federal government should create a universal health plan that provided service to all 310 million Americans. A non-profit organization should target athletes, movie starts, the doctors, and entrepreneurs that have income of over $250,000 a year. They would donate 20% of their net income to help finance the medical needs of uninsured people. DQ2) I agree with you that Mr. Hill violated his fiduciary duties. Companies can not use the money from one business to finance the operations of a separate business. Both companies are separate legal entities. He was so corrupt that he used his money to pay for expenses of his wives business. Illegal wire transfers of money were occurring on a recurrent basis. The owner had the board of directors on his pocket. They were like puppets brainwashed by Mr. Hill. The IRS should have been able to detect this fraud sooner because these people deserved jail time for their fraudulent financial activities. SEC regulations and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were violated in this scenario. Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley was violated in this case study. SOX Section 404 mandates that all publicly-traded companies must establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and must document, test and maintain those controls and procedures to ensure their effectiveness.† (Searchsecurity,

The Lamb and the Tyger Analysis

The Lamb and the Tyger Analysis William Blake was an 18th century visionary, poet, mystic, and artist. Blakes romantic style of writing allowed him to create contrasting views as those in The Lamb and The Tyger. From a young age Blake used his imagination that was frowned upon and unfortunately was never greatly appreciated during his lifetime. William Blake believed that it was the chief function of art to reveal the truth of the spiritual world by liberating imagination (Bowman 53). It wasnt until after Blakes death that his work finally received some attention. Known as a romantic, Blake continued throughout his writing to radically question religion and politics; He was very critical of the church, putting forth the effort to attack and question it. Blake put his own insight into his poems to raise the public awareness in a personal attempt to seek the truth. Perhaps he is most famous for his creative and simplistic Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience that influenced the other Romantic poets with themes of good and evil, heaven and hell, and knowledge and innocence. With regards to religion, William Blake opposed the views of the Christian church and its standardized system. Blake, having more of a spiritual position than a religious one, considered himself as a monistic Gnostic, meaning that he believed what saved a persons soul was not faith but knowledge (Harris 1). Blakes view of religion was considered blasphemous, and in his works he was concerned with the character of individual faith than with the institution of the Church, its role in politics, and its effects on society and the individual mind (SparkNotes Editors 1). Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger is more suggestive to the nature of God. The idea is that the same God who made the lamb also made the tiger, so unless it is suggested that God created evil, then the tiger must not be evil. The fact that the same God created both the lamb and tiger suggest that they just represent two different sides of God: Two different aspects of existence. Blakes perception of good and evil isnt just one extreme to the other, instead, the ambiguity of evil isnt evil; it is just the other side of good. Blake technically didnt believe in a dichotomy, the division into two usually contradictory parts or opinions. Blake portrays his argument that a human being cannot be completely good or completely evil. This trait does not exist within human beings, and therefore does not exist in God. The other writers and minds of the 18th century were mainly deists, the belief based solely on reason. They did not show interest in the nature of God as Blake did, instead, reason was their god. In the poem The Lamb, William Blake incorporates his unique style through the use of religious symbolism, creative lines, and simple patterns. The Lamb was a part of a series of poems called the Songs of Innocence that was published in 1789. Poems that were more simplistic in style and nature became more contrition and prophetic in Songs of Experience. Through simplistic structure, he chose the narrator of a child, as in this poem, told through childlike eyes, speaking of the innocence in all of human life, and that the lamb is Christ, marveling over Gods creations. The dramatic perspectives and continual allusiveness of the lyrics in The Lamb have shown to be a key factor in Blakes writing and have been interpreted and reinterpreted by critics and readers ever since Blakes death. Blake utilizes his rhetoric genius by symbolically expressing the appearance of the lamb to that of the nature of God. Within the poem, Blake brings up an interesting concept by stating, He is called by thy name / For he calls himself a Lamb, the lamb not only suggest innocence and the meaning of life, but at the same time conveys the theme that Christ is the lamb (Blake 662). The poem comments on how he is meek and he is mild, thus giving God the characteristics of goodness and purity (Blake 662). This gives a varying contrast to Blakes poem The Tyger as it advocates the speculation of evil. William Blakes, The Tyger, is the poetic counterpart to the Lamb of Innocence from his previous work, Songs of Innocence, thus creating the expression of innocence versus experience What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry (Blake 770). The Tyger is part of the continued series of lyrics titled Songs of Experience that was published in 1794, as a response to the Songs of Innocence. The Songs of Experience are interpreted as the child, conveyed in Songs of Innocence, matures to adulthood and is molded by the harsh experiences and negative forces that reality has on human life, thus shows the destructiveness of the tiger. Blake utilizes his deceptively complex ideas, symbolism, and his allusiveness to portray the essence of evil in The Tyger. Blake uses tyger instead of tiger because it refers to any kind of wild, ferocious cat. The symbolism of the hammer, chain, furnace, and anvil all portray the image of the blacksmith, one of the main central themes in this poem ( Blake 769). William Blake personifies the blacksmith to God, the creator, and Blake himself. The Tyger is about having your reason overwhelmed at once by the beauty and horror of the natural world (Friedlander 1). When the stars threw down their spears / And waterd heaven with their tears (Blake 770). For Blake, the stars represent cold reason and objective science (Friedlander 1). In retrospect, the creation of the tiger represents transcendent mystery and direct reference to the lamb Did he who made the Lamb make thee (Blake 770). The Lamb and the Tyger are polar opposites of each other, one representing the fear of God and the other representing faith or praise of God through nature. As a child one is more like the lamb, innocent and more pure, and as they mature they earn their stripes and become aged and mature by societal tendencies of life like the tiger. The irony in the Songs of Innocence in contrast with the Songs of Experience is that they are opposites but seem to bounce off one another. They both have the same creator, both God and Blake, and suggest morals of good and evil. They are each on the extreme ends of the spirituality spectrum and in the middle is humanity, but you cant have one without the other. In order to have good you have to balance it out with evil, in a sense where good isnt just good, it is the other side of evil, and where evil is the other side of good.

Depression :: Health, Nursing, Long Term Care

Evidence suggests that depression is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality and adversely affects the quality of life and social functioning (Katona, 1994). Some of these patients do not move about much, and with depression added to this premise, the transition from what these patients were used to, to a completely new environment is usually traumatic. Nursing care providers can ease the trauma felt by these new arrivals by conducting assessments to determine whether these individuals are suffering from depression, so as to remedy this malady as soon as possible. Depression affects approximately 5% of the population at any one time, with depressive symptoms being more common in people over 65, with prevalence estimates ranging from 10 to 15% (Baldwin, 1995). Depression in nursing homes has been recognized as especially problematic states Ames, (1994). Depression is not a normal consequence of aging, and it is known to be under-recognized and under-treated, especially in hospitals, outpatient settings, and nursing homes. (Patry, 2004). Problem Background Older people entering long-term care facilities face major adjustment challenges and are particularly vulnerable to mental health problems (Murphy, 1982; Mikhail, 1992; Manion & Rantz, 1995). Newly admitted residents in long-term care facilities are particularly vulnerable to depression and the early recognition and treatment of depression is therefore crucial around the time of admission to a home. (Bagley et al., 2000). By day 14 of their nursing home stay, thirty-eight percents of the admitted residents sampled in a study conducted by Boyle et al. (2004) were positive for depressive symptoms. Depression then is still a highly significant problem among those admitted to a nursing home. (Boyle, 2004). In contrast, the authors’ stated that depression recognition in the nursing homes has improved. Michigan's Quality Improvement Organization (MPRO) conducted a study of 14 nursing facilities to improve the accuracy of assessments, targeting, and monitoring of care. 69% of participants were female 46% were 76-85 and 37% were 86 or older. Among men, 24% were age 75 or younger 51% were 76-85 and 25% were 86 or older. It was found that out of 818 residents, 313 (38%) had depressive symptoms by day 14. Out of the 313, 213 (68%) were admitted with a diagnosis of depression. (Boyle, et al., 2004). The nursing homes in this study use the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) to assess symptoms of depression; however, its use is highly selective. (Boyle, et al., 2004). The authors stated that additional research in developing strategies to ensure continuity of care to people across treatment settings would be useful.

Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa and Warhol’s Marilyn Monroe Paintings Essay

Leonardo DaVinci’s Mona Lisa is one of the most well-known paintings in the world. Show anyone from a 60 year old man to a 10 year old girl a picture of the painting and, most likely, they will be able to name the painting as well as the painter. While some say that DaVinci’s painting is the most famous of all created, many of Andy Warhol’s paintings are also easily recognizable. Almost everyone has seen the Campbell’s Soup Can series Warhol painted or his famous Triple Elvis print. This paper will be focusing on his Marilyn Monroe series, which I will be comparing and contrasting to the Mona Lisa. There are many obvious differences between the two paintings, such as the time period, color scheme, background and subject matter. My goal is to also point out some similarities such as their use of line, recreations, fame, and prominence in society. One of the major contrasts between the two works is the history behind the paintings. Andy Warhol was said to be fascinated with the actress Marilyn Monroe’s supposed suicide in August of 1962. Warhol proved the Proverb, â€Å"Good men must die, but death cannot kill their names† to be true, making his Marilyn Monroe series one of his most famous works. Warhol bought a publicity still of Marilyn’s 1953 movie Niagara, cropped it, enlarged the face, and reproduced it on eight different canvases. Each painting was given a different color scheme. These paintings were the first solo exhibition for Warhol. The most famous of the series, Lemon Marilyn, was bought and kept in a private collection until 2007. While the subject of Warhol’s painting is very well known and easily recognized, the subject of Leonardo DaVinci’s Mona Lisa was most likely commoner, and there are many different theories of who the woman could be. Some say the woman is DaVinci himself, in woman form. Others say it could be Lisa Gherardini; the wife of a wealthy businessman in Florence, Italy named Francesco Del Giocondo. DaVinci was commissioned to paint the Mona Lisa in 1503, and worked on it for four years before it was finished. DaVinci kept his painting for quite a while before he sold it to the King of France, King Francois, in 1516. (â€Å"Mona Lisa.† Lairweb.com. N.p., n.d. Web.) After the French Revolution, the painting was moved to the Louvre, where it remains today. The history behind the paintings also point out several more differences. There is only one Mona Lisa, while Warhol created many Marilyn paintings. The time period when the two painters lived was decades apart. DaVinci was alive from 1452-1519, while Warhol was born in 1928 and died in 1987. While Warhol was strictly an artist, DaVinci spent time as a mathematician, engineer, writer, and geologist as well. The two men’s styles of painting were very different as well. DaVinci painted in the style of chiaroscuro, the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, and sfumato. Sfumato is created by painting a color that turns slowly from light to dark tones to give off a kind of misty glow or smoky mystery. Andy Warhol was a major part of the Pop art movement. Jennifer Rosenberg of About.com quoted pop art as being, â€Å"a new style of art that began in England in the mid-1950s and consisted of realistic renditions of popular, and everyday items.† (Rosenberg, Jennifer. â€Å"Andy Warhol.† About.com 20th Century History. About.com, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.) Warhol used silk-screening to create Marilyn Monroe. Warhol is quoted as saying, â€Å"In August 62 I started doing silkscreens. I wanted something stronger that gave more of an assembly line effect†¦you pick a photograph, blow it up, transfer it in glue onto silk, and then roll ink across it so the ink goes through the silk but not through the glue†¦ I was thrilled with it. When Marilyn Monroe happened to die that month, I got the idea to make screens of her beautiful face the first Marilyns.† (â€Å"Andy Warhol’s Marilyn Prints.† Andy Warhol’s Marilyn Prints. Color Vision and Art, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.) DaVinci’s painting was progressive for the time. The traditional paintings of his time were of a head and shoulders portrait, in a very rigid or posed position. The Mona Lisa is painted all the way down to her hands, and she seems to be in a very comfortable, relaxed pose. Her pose is very linear, which conveys a sense of â€Å"formal and dignified ideas†. (ROEMER, CK. â€Å"Looking at Great Art Practice.† Http://www.studiocodex.com. N.p., 2007. Web.) This would be appropriate if this woman is the wife of a wealthy man, which is one of the speculations of the woman’s identity. Andy Warhol’s painting, on the other hand, seems almost regressive. Only Marilyn’s face is shown. She is depicted with a very serious expression, and is very unnaturally posed. This seems to project a sense of excitement or disorder, which represent Marilyn’s life very accurately. The two subjects of the painting are very different in appearance as well. The Mona Lisa has no makeup on. She is dressed very plainly and does not seem to be wearing any jewelry. Marilyn Monroe has a lot of make-up on and has her hair curled and styled. Marilyn seems to have a haughty or annoyed expression on her face, while Mona Lisa is smiling slightly and seems to be happy and content. Another major difference between the two paintings is the use of color. The Mona Lisa is depicted in very earthy tones. The tan color of the flesh seems closer to the viewer, while the muted browns, greens, tans, and blues seem to fade into the background. DaVinci used light and dark colors to highlight certain parts of the painting, such as the woman’s face and hands. The color palette is what would be expected if this was an actual photograph. Andy Warhol’s Marilyn is the complete opposite of the Mona Lisa. None of the colors are natural, except, maybe, the makeup, and can appear shocking to the eye at first glance. All aspects of the painting are bright; eyes, lips, eye shadow, and hair. Warhol painted Marilyn in ten different color combinations with 250 of each color variation. (Henry. â€Å"Henry On Pop Art.† ‘Henry On Pop Art’ N.p., 08 Aug. 2011. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.) While the actual colors used in the paintings are very different, the way the painters used the colors brings out a similarity in the two. Mona Lisa is dressed very dark and her pale face is framed by dark hair. The light colors used in the background seem to bring the woman to the front of the painting. This was most definitely done on purpose by DaVinci. He wanted the viewer to focus on Mona Lisa. The same can be said of Warhol. He uses a bright contrasting color for his background of Marilyn Monroe. Although the background color almost always matches that of Marilyn’s eye shadow, the background contrasts with the rest of the painting, bringing the face towards the viewer. The use of line in both paintings is also similar. No brush strokes are visible in either painting, and appear a bit foggy. The Mona Lisa is this way due to the technique, sfumato, discussed earlier. In Marilyn, it is hard to pick out a defined line in her hair, for example. The lines in DaVinci’s paintings are the same, flowing from one to the other. The Mona Lisa is blended so well that each section seems like a part of the next. The background of the Mona Lisa is a landscape with a river, bridge, trees, grass, and mountains. The view seems to go on forever, and there is no real focal point in the background. The backgrounds purpose in this painting in unknown, some say it is to contrast the peaceful look of the woman with a foreboding background. Others think it could have been as simple as DaVinci practicing with landscapes. Unlike Mona Lisa, the backgrounds of the Marilyn Monroe paintings are a solid color. The background contrasts dramatically with the colors in the actual face. The background pulls the viewer’s eye to Marilyn’s face, instead of something that could be happening in the background. Symmetry is another example of a way the two paintings are alike. The shape of the Mona Lisa is very symmetrical. The woman is sitting straight and a straight line down the middle of the painting would show equal parts. The woman’s body is a triangular shape, with the tops of her legs and hand forming the base, and her head becoming the point. Her face is very circular, and the smile she displays is an arch of a circle. (Roemer, CK. â€Å"Looking at Great Art Practice.† Http://www.studiocodex.com. N.p., 2007. Web.) Warhol gives his Marilyn Monroe paintings a subtle heart shape with the curves created by her hairline. The painter, like DaVinci, uses simple shapes as well, such as the half-moon of her eye shadow, or the slight triangles of her eyebrows, which also shows symmetry. DaVinci creates a feeling of depth and space in his painting. The fact that the woman is taller than the mountains in the background suggests that she is seated very close to the viewer, while the mountains are in the distance. The detail of the pleats in her skirt, the individual pieces of hair, and transparent veil that covers her head are small details that make the woman seem closer to the viewer. The walking paths and streams of water leading up the painting make the eye move upwards, and form a sense of continuous forest. The viewers understand that the landscape goes on for quite a while. (Roemer, CK. â€Å"Looking at Great Art Practice.† Http://www.studiocodex.com. N.p., 2007. Web.) In contrast to DaVinci, Warhol used space by placing Marilyn’s face in the middle of the painting. There is no real use of depth in this painting, because of the plain, contrasting color background. She almost appears to be completely flat against the surface. The eye is immediately drawn to the face in Marilyn Monroe. As mentioned above, the contrasting background color pulls the face forward, making the viewer notice her first. The same can be said of Mona Lisa, making focal point a similarity of the two. The woman in Mona Lisa is the biggest part of the painting. Her pale face offset by her dark hair and clothes draws the viewer’s eye to her. The position of her hands is right below her face, which also serves as a line to the focal point. The use of texture is somewhat absent from Warhol’s painting, while the Mona Lisa is full of texture, another difference in the paintings. The folds in the woman’s dress make the painting seem more realistic, while the uneven and sharp edges of the mountains in the background contrast nicely with the smoothness of the woman’s face and hair. The woman’s skin also has a dotted affect which makes it seem more lifelike, instead of Warhol’s Marilyn that seems fake and unrealistic. The use of value plays a huge role in both paintings. DaVinci uses abrupt changes in value; The pale skin of the woman face and hands against her dark hair and dress. He uses the same type of changes to show the wrinkles on the fabric of her clothing. (ROEMER, CK. â€Å"Looking at Great Art Practice.† Http://www.studiocodex.com. N.p., 2007. Web.) Andy Warhol uses value changes in the brightness of Marilyn’s hair against the darker background. The black tones used underneath her hair are darker than the color of her somewhat pale skin. Another similarity is the massive amounts of recreations or paintings based on the same subject. Many artists has done their own version of the Mona Lisa, making her their nationality, fat, and even making her another person altogether. Many artists have also taken Marilyn Monroe and painted her their own way. Both paintings still play a huge role in society today. You can buy phone cases, laptop skins, and even clothing with a picture of these paintings. Replicas of both paintings can be seen hanging on walls of homes, restaurants, and art galleries. Mona Lisa and Marilyn Monroe are both easily recognized and correctly identified in today’s society. A final similarity between the two paintings is the significance they both played in their style of art. Leonardo DaVinci’s Mona Lisa is said to have â€Å"become the prototype for Renaissance paintings.† (Lorenzzi, Rosella. â€Å"Mona Lisa.† Mona Lisa. N.p., 16 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.) Andy Warhol was affectionately known as the â€Å"Pope of Pop†, and his Marilyn Monroe series came to be one of the most well-known and popular works of pop art in his time. The final difference between the two, and most interesting, is that Warhol recreated DaVinci’s Mona Lisa in his own style; putting 30 Mona Lisas in one silk screen. Warhol is quoted as saying â€Å"30 is better than 1.† (Rose, Millie. â€Å"Postmodernism.† : Andy Warhol. N.p., 08 Nov. 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.) The Mona Lisa is said to have been a major inspiration to Warhol, and he was honored to be able to have his own spin on this iconic painting. Obviously Warhol’s w ork did not influence DaVinci because of the time frame. While the differences far outweigh the similarities, both paintings are brilliant. Warhol was a major influence in the pop art world, and his paintings are still being used in many forms of advertising today. DaVinci is said to have been the ultimate example of what a portrait should be, and without a doubt, he has influenced many of the other famous painters today. Both men, while their styles couldn’t have been anymore different, have two of the most famous names in the art world. * Esaack, Shelly. â€Å"Lemon Marilyn, 1962.† About.com Art History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. * â€Å"Mona Lisa.† Lairweb.com. N.p., n.d. Web. * Rosenberg, Jennifer. â€Å"Andy Warhol.† About.com 20th Century History. About.com, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. * Henry. â€Å"Henry On Pop Art.† ‘Henry On Pop Art’ N.p., 08 Aug. 2011. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. * ROEMER, CK. â€Å"Looking at Great Art Practice.† Http://www.studiocodex.com. N.p., 2007. Web. * Lorenzzi, Rosella. â€Å"Mona Lisa.† Mona Lisa. N.p., 16 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. * Rose, Millie. â€Å"Postmodernism.† : Andy Warhol. N.p., 08 Nov. 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2012.

The Dark Side of Application.ProcessMessages

The Dark Side of Application.ProcessMessages Article submitted by Marcus Junglas When programming an event handler in Delphi (like the OnClick event of a TButton), there comes the time when your application needs to be busy for a while, e.g. the code needs to write a big file or compress some data. If you do that youll notice that your application seems to be locked. Your form cannot be moved anymore and the buttons are showing no sign of life. It seems to be crashed. The reason is that a Delpi application is single threaded. The code you are writing represents just a bunch of procedures which are called by Delphis main thread whenever an event occured. The rest of the time the main thread is handling system messages and other things like form and component handling functions. So, if you dont finish your event handling by doing some lengthy work, you will prevent the application to handle those messages. A common solution for such type of problems is to call Application.ProcessMessages. Application is a global object of the TApplication class. The Application.Processmessages handles all waiting messages like window movements, button clicks and so on. It is commonly used as a simple solution to keep your application working. Unfortunately the mechanism behind ProcessMessages has its own characteristics, which might cause big confusion! What does ProcessMessages? PprocessMessages handles all waiting system messages in the applications message queue. Windows uses messages to talk to all running applications. User interaction is brought to the form via messages and ProcessMessages handles them. If the mouse is going down on a TButton, for example, ProgressMessages does all what should happen on this event like the repaint of the button to a pressed state and, of course, a call to the OnClick() handling procedure if you assigned one. Thats the problem: any call to ProcessMessages might contain a recursive call to any event handler again. Heres an example: Use the following code for a buttons OnClick even handler (work). The for-statement simulates a long processing job with some calls to ProcessMessages every now and then. This is simplified for better readability: {in MyForm:}   Ã‚  WorkLevel : integer; {OnCreate:}   Ã‚  WorkLevel : 0; procedure TForm1.WorkBtnClick(Sender: TObject) ; var   Ã‚  cycle : integer; begin   Ã‚  inc(WorkLevel) ;   Ã‚  for cycle : 1 to 5 do   Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Memo1.Lines.Add(- Work IntToStr(WorkLevel) , Cycle IntToStr(cycle) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application.ProcessMessages;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sleep(1000) ; // or some other work   Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  Memo1.Lines.Add(Work IntToStr(WorkLevel) ended.) ;   Ã‚  dec(WorkLevel) ; end; WITHOUT ProcessMessages the following lines are written to the memo, if the Button was pressed TWICE in a short time: - Work 1, Cycle 1 - Work 1, Cycle 2 - Work 1, Cycle 3 - Work 1, Cycle 4 - Work 1, Cycle 5 Work 1 ended. - Work 1, Cycle 1 - Work 1, Cycle 2 - Work 1, Cycle 3 - Work 1, Cycle 4 - Work 1, Cycle 5 Work 1 ended. While the procedure is busy, the the form does not show any reaction, but the second click was put into the message queue by Windows. Right after the OnClick has finished it will be called again. INCLUDING ProcessMessages, the output might be very different: - Work 1, Cycle 1 - Work 1, Cycle 2 - Work 1, Cycle 3 - Work 2, Cycle 1 - Work 2, Cycle 2 - Work 2, Cycle 3 - Work 2, Cycle 4 - Work 2, Cycle 5 Work 2 ended. - Work 1, Cycle 4 - Work 1, Cycle 5 Work 1 ended. This time the form seems to be working again and accepts any user interaction. So the button is pressed half way during your first worker function AGAIN, which will be handled instantly. All incoming events are handled like any other function call. In theory, during every call to ProgressMessages ANY amount of clicks and user messages might happen in place. So be careful with your code! Different example (in simple pseudo-code!): procedure OnClickFileWrite() ; var myfile : TFileStream; begin   Ã‚  myfile : TFileStream.create(myOutput.txt) ;   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  while BytesReady 0 do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myfile.Write(DataBlock) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dec(BytesReady,sizeof(DataBlock)) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DataBlock[2] : #13; {test line 1}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application.ProcessMessages;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DataBlock[2] : #13; {test line 2}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myfile.free;   Ã‚  end; end; This function writes a large amount of data and tries to unlock the application by using ProcessMessages each time a block of data is written. If the user clicks on the button again, the same code will be executed while the file is still being written to. So the file cannot be opened a 2nd time and the procedure fails. Maybe your application will do some error recovery like freeing the buffers. As a possible result Datablock will be freed and the first code will suddenly raise an Access Violation when it accesses it. In this case: test line 1 will work, test line 2 will crash. The better way: To make it easy you could set the whole Form enabled : false, which blocks all user input, but does NOT show this to the user (all Buttons are not grayed). A better way would be to set all buttons to disabled, but this might be complex if you want to keep one Cancel button for example. Also you need to go through all the components to disable them and when they are enabled again, you need to check if there should be some remaining in the disabled state. You could disable a container child controls when the Enabled property changes. As the class name TNotifyEvent suggests, it should only be used for short term reactions to the event. For time consuming code the best way is IMHO to put all the slow code into an own Thread. Regarding the problems with PrecessMessages and/or the enabling and disabling of components, the usage of a second thread seems to be not too complicated at all. Remember that even simple and fast lines of code might hang for seconds, e.g. opening a file on a disc drive might have to wait until the drive spin up has finished. It doesnt look very good if your application seem to crash because the drive is too slow. Thats it. The next time you add Application.ProcessMessages, think twice ;)

Free Essays on Science

Global Warming Most of the world today regards the â€Å"global warming† as both real and dangerous. Many aspects, however, have already been discounted by the scientific community. Fears of massive sea level increase, accompanied by many early discussion about global warming. Scientist afraid the sea level would increase onto land due to the melting of ice. It is now widely agreed that even the potential contribution of warming to sea level rise would be swamped by other more important factors (Moran, 1999). These factors include hazardous gases and pollutants. We are entering a period of global warming as a result of burning vast amounts of fossil fuels. By burning fossil fuels, â€Å"we are putting into the air more gases that act like a globe of glass around the planet† (National Geographic, 1990). The ‘globe of glass’ is a mixture of all the fuels that remains permanently on the surface of Planet Earth. It is called glass because it prevents cooling air from entering causing the Green House Effect. Many scientists believe that human processes are contributing to global warming regardless of impact of natural cycles also causing climate change (Keller, 1999). The earth’s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed. Although uncertainty exists about exactly how earth’s climate responds to these gases, global temperatures are rising. Scientists on Hawaii’s Mauna Loa have recorded steady increase in human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Most believe that the rising CO2 level will lead to higher global temperatures and significant climate change (National Geographic, 1990). Some scientists do not be... Free Essays on Science Free Essays on Science Global Warming Most of the world today regards the â€Å"global warming† as both real and dangerous. Many aspects, however, have already been discounted by the scientific community. Fears of massive sea level increase, accompanied by many early discussion about global warming. Scientist afraid the sea level would increase onto land due to the melting of ice. It is now widely agreed that even the potential contribution of warming to sea level rise would be swamped by other more important factors (Moran, 1999). These factors include hazardous gases and pollutants. We are entering a period of global warming as a result of burning vast amounts of fossil fuels. By burning fossil fuels, â€Å"we are putting into the air more gases that act like a globe of glass around the planet† (National Geographic, 1990). The ‘globe of glass’ is a mixture of all the fuels that remains permanently on the surface of Planet Earth. It is called glass because it prevents cooling air from entering causing the Green House Effect. Many scientists believe that human processes are contributing to global warming regardless of impact of natural cycles also causing climate change (Keller, 1999). The earth’s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed. Although uncertainty exists about exactly how earth’s climate responds to these gases, global temperatures are rising. Scientists on Hawaii’s Mauna Loa have recorded steady increase in human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Most believe that the rising CO2 level will lead to higher global temperatures and significant climate change (National Geographic, 1990). Some scientists do not be...

Forensic Science Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Forensic Science - Case Study Example Since his execution, his parents and relatives have been striving to show the world the misuse of justice evident in the case because they still trust that their son was not guilty of the crime. Various articles and books have been published with respect to the case of James Hanratty, with some supporting the fact that Hanratty was not guilty following their investigation and the medical reports that were using the DNA of the victim and those of the deceased. For one to better understand the investigations and the trial that was conducted on Mr. Hanratty, it is essential to consider the criminal record of the individual prior to the case that led to his death. It can be retrieved from the criminal accounts of Hanratty that by the period when he was found guilty of murdering Michael Gregsten, he has already been convicted of four crimes that were linked to motoring offences and minor theft such as housebreaking. In atatininig seventeen years of age, Mr. Hanratty appeared before Harrow Magistrate for taking someone’s motor vehicle without authority, and also driving a vehicle without insurance or a driving license. Such led to Hanratty being introduced to psychiatric treatment at the Portman Clinic where he was treated as an outpatient. At the age of eighteen years, Hanratty appeared before the court at the county of Middlesex Sessions where he was found guilty and sentenced to two years of imprisonment due to breaking in into someone’s house and stealing some property. After the release of the release, his father opened a window cleaning business to help me keep away from crime. However, at the age of 20 years, five months after release from Wormwood Scrubs, he was sentenced for six months due to a variety of crimes associated with motor vehicles and driving without a license. However, he was released after four months, but later he was convicted of car theft when he was

TypeWriter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

TypeWriter - Essay Example Creativity and innovation that leads to technological advancement started a long time ago. The form of communication among people and especially leaders in the 1500s was through writing. The quest to achieve more efficiency in writing led to the invention typewriters in 1860s. A typewriter is a machine that can be mechanical or electromechanical used in creating characters on a piece of paper. The technology on a typewriter involves transfer of ink or carbon impression on a set piece of paper by striking characters on a key-board. Keys are attached to type bars that are in a circular basket under the platen. Striking hard the keys transfers a marking on the molded head of the type bar. The paper used in the process is wrapped around a cylinder that mounted on a carriage. The carriage moves after striking a type bar to allow the specific spacing of words and letters. The keyboard is organized in a manner to make it easier for the operator to type the characters. After the invention, the machine become popular and was used in different areas such as homes, by writers, and offices to create writing on paper for different purposes. The increased use of the typewriters came to a halt in the early 1980s when word processor in a computer became popular due to its efficiency compared to a typewriter. However, the typewriters have not been completely wiped out. Different places of the world such as India and certain parts of Africa are still using the machine. The machine has undergone a series of changes all with the aim of improving it proficiency in serving the intended purpose. Earlier innovations and trials had been made regarding the creation of a printing device, but the first successful typewriter was made by Sholes and Glidden in 1870. It was known as the Remingtons typing machine. The intended purpose of the machine was to ensure legal documents produced were neat, legible, and of a standard format. Creativity in this machine

Media Literacy and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Literacy and Ethics - Essay Example Media Literacy is a subject that is gaining relevance in the Information Age that we inhabit today. This is because a passive digestion of news content that is offered on a platter is unlikely to lead to a healthy understanding of that content. This is especially true in the highly privatized and commercialized environment of today, where much corporate and political propaganda gets passed on as objective news. Hence, there is no doubt as to the importance of Media Literacy to the general public. Yet, it is only a fraction of the population that could claim to possess a critical understanding of how different mediums of information operate. (Pavlik & McIntosh, 2011) The rest of this essay will foray into what all comprise Media Literacy and also analyze how media literate the author of this essay is. Firstly, media literacy seeks to address the proliferation of new literacy practices â€Å"in an increasingly mobile, global, digital world. Broadly analogous to print literacy,  medi a literacy  promotes the analysis (reading) and production (writing) of texts in a variety of forms. In practice, conflicting assumptions about the definitions, practices, and impact of  media literacy are at the heart of contentious debates about its fundamental aims, purposes, and value. Consequently, as  media literacy promotes greater access to a wider range of tools and texts, it is increasingly mired in age-old debates about the uses of literacy to frame, shape, and control public discourse. In the process, it touches on the relationships between  media literacy, cultural narratives, and the arts.† (Tyner, 2009, p.3) One of the key features of Media Literacy is the cultivation of strategies for a scientific analysis of media content. In this sense, Media literacy can be said to offer the citizens a range of critical approaches to gain insight into the nature of media content. Those studying the media should understand that it is merely the messenger of informatio n without any inherent moral character. What ascertains the value is the list of attributes attached to it, including â€Å"who is producing the message, what the function is, and the target audience.† (Silverblatt, 2007, p.4) Several academics in the field of Media Studies have defined Media Literacy in various different ways. Some claim that a comprehensive understanding of how news and program content is produced, including selection, edition and presentation are essential. In the case of news media, for example, without a complete understanding of these behind-the-scene processes, the audience/reader would not be in a position to critically evaluate the quality of journalism. Some of the criteria for measuring quality of journalism are objectivity, editorial neutrality, standard of presentation and detail. It is only a Media Literate person who would be able to evaluate how the medium he/she is using is performing on these counts. Such an evaluation will help him/her in d eciding to continue with the medium or switch over to another medium or actively engage with its managers in order to improve its overall standards. (Pavlik & McIntosh, 2011) It used to be the case when the term Media Literacy was used entirely in the context of print media. But ever since the invention of the Internet and other digital technologies the methods of information transmission have changed greatly. So, where Media Literacy previously meant the ability to â€Å"decode, understand and communicate in print†

Betrayal in Julius Ceasar Essay Example for Free

Betrayal in Julius Ceasar Essay When a person is betrayed by someone he or she loves, something profound happens in the heart of the betrayed person. It is not simply that someone has let you down, or double-crossed you. Rather, the betrayer has done an action or taken special information and used it to harm you. The betrayer has held a position of confidence of your most sacred secrets, and then they treat those secrets as if they are to be exploited. A betrayer is a person who knows your heart and has ripped into that heart and ripped out that heart by exposing and exploiting your vulnerabilities. Betraying another person has become okay in modern day society due to the fact that we feel that we need to preserve ourselves, we have to defend our personal relationships with others, and we must always serve the greater good. In today’s society, people are focused on self-preservation when it comes to the betrayal of others. If a person feels that his life, his ego, or his friendships will be jeopardized by another person, he is most likely not afraid to betray another person. This is much like jealousy. We as people feel that we are never good enough. We want to be better than the person next to us, but when that doesn’t happen we feel that person needs to be expelled. In the novel Julius Caesar this is exactly what Brutus does to Caesar. He was afraid that Caesar would outshine the Triumvirate. Brutus killed him, thinking that maybe it would make him look better. This never worked out Brutus. Instead, everyone hated him. His self-preservation was the reverse psychology of what we as people think that betrayal will do for us. Another way that our society views betrayal is with our personal relationships with others. This can be summed up in one word: trust. Humans use trust as a comfort factor. We are always seeking the opportunity to ensue trust in the people in our lives. Betrayal is always ready to mess this up. If we feel that we cannot trust someone we betray them. This is what Caesar’s friends did to him. No one wanted to believe that they could trust him. So what did they do? They betrayed him. The last factor in betraying another person is for the greater good. Brutus believed that by killing Caesar that he was serving the people. He thought that is what they wanted. Just because he was afraid of Caesar he believed that everyone thought the same. The thought was that he would become king and that was very frightening to Brutus. Service to the greater good is a factor of betrayal that is used by many people. We do it because we think that we are able to protect others. Many times this form of betrayal does not do any good because it is done for the wrong reasons. Betraying another person has become okay in modern day society due to the fact that we feel that we need to preserve ourselves, we have to defend our personal relationships with others, and we must always serve the greater good. When a person is betrayed by someone he or she loves, something profound happens in the heart of the betrayed person. It is not simply that someone has let you down, or double-crossed you. Rather, the betrayer has done an action or taken special information and used it to harm you. The betrayer has held a position of confidence of your most sacred secrets, and then they treat those secrets as if they are to be exploited. A betrayer is a person who knows your heart and has ripped into that heart and ripped out that heart by exposing and exploiting your vulnerabilities. Betrayal is found in many different forms of literature, especially the novel Julius Caesar.

Enzyme Activity As A Function Of Substrate Concentration Biology Essay

Enzyme Activity As A Function Of Substrate Concentration Biology Essay The effect of concentration on enzyme activity. It can be noted that both enzyme solution used had different results. Enzyme activity was greater when using the chicken liver rather than the cow liver. Generally the enzyme activity increases as the drops of the enzyme (concentration) increases. There was a significant increase when six drops of enzyme solution (chicken liver) was added. The height of the bubble rose to 4 cm. there was a steady increase between when 9-12 drops solution was added. A sharp increase occurred when 15 drops of enzyme solution was added. The height was recorded as 7.5 cm. There was no significant increase onwards When enzyme solution (cows liver) was added there was no significant increase in the first set of drops. The height was recorded to be 3.5 cm when 3 drops of enzyme solution was added. There was an increase from 3.5 to 4cm when 6 drops of solution was added. There were no further significant increases un adding the enzyme solution. Graph 2 shows the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. For this experiment an enzyme solution of cow liver was used. There was an increase in bubble height when the solution was placed at 25 C. There was a further increase in the height when the solution was placed at 50 C. The height was recorded as 4.2 cm. However at 70 C, there was no change. There was no evidence of bubbles suggesting that the enzyme had been denatured. EXPLANATION Generally enzyme activity increases with increasing temperature. However in this experiment there was an increase then a sudden drop in enzymatic activity. Enzymes require certain conditions to be effective in their functioning. Some require certain temperatures to function. A reason behind the denaturing of the enzyme at 70 C is that the temperature was too high for the enzyme to function and it denatured due to this. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Knowledge of basic enzyme kinetic theory is important in enzyme analysis in order both to understand the basic enzymatic mechanism and to select a method for enzyme analysis. The conditions selected to measure the activity of an enzyme would not be the same as those selected to measure the concentration of its substrate. Several factors affect the rate at which enzymatic reactions proceed temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators. Temperature Effects http://www.worthington-biochem.com/IntroBiochem/images/ie21.gif Like most chemical reactions, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases as the temperature is raised. A ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature will increase the activity of most enzymes by 50 to 100%. Variations in reaction temperature as small as 1 or 2 degrees may introduce changes of 10 to 20% in the results. In the case of enzymatic reactions, this is complicated by the fact that many enzymes are adversely affected by high temperatures. As shown in Figure 13, the reaction rate increases with temperature to a maximum level, then abruptly declines with further increase of temperature. Because most animal enzymes rapidly become denatured at temperatures above 40Â °C, most enzyme determinations are carried out somewhat below that temperature. Over a period of time, enzymes will be deactivated at even moderate temperatures. Storage of enzymes at 5Â °C or below is generally the most suitable. Some enzymes lose their activity when frozen. Effects of pH Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value the point where the enzyme is most active is known as the optimum pH. This is graphically illustrated in Figure 14. http://www.worthington-biochem.com/IntroBiochem/images/ie22.gif Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes. As with activity, for each enzyme there is also a region of pH optimal stability. The optimum pH value will vary greatly from one enzyme to another Enzyme Concentration In order to study the effect of increasing the enzyme concentration upon the reaction rate, the substrate must be present in an excess amount; i.e., the reaction must be independent of the substrate concentration. Any change in the amount of product formed over a specified period of time will be dependent upon the level of enzyme present. Graphically this can be represented as: http://www.worthington-biochem.com/IntroBiochem/images/ie09.gif These reactions are said to be zero order because the rates are independent of substrate concentration, and are equal to some constant k. The formation of product proceeds at a rate which is linear with time. The addition of more substrate does not serve to increase the rate. In zero order kinetics, allowing the assay to run for double time results in double the amount of product. The amount of enzyme present in a reaction is measured by the activity it catalyzes. The relationship between activity and concentration is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, etc. An enzyme assay must be designed so that the observed activity is proportional to the amount of enzyme present in order that the enzyme concentration is the only limiting factor. It is satisfied only when the reaction is zero order. Enzyme activity is generally greatest when substrate concentration is unlimiting. Effects of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity Enzyme inhibitors are substances which alter the catalytic action of the enzyme and consequently slow down, or in some cases, stop catalysis. There are three common types of enzyme inhibition competitive, non-competitive and substrate inhibition. Most theories concerning inhibition mechanisms are based on the existence of the enzyme-substrate complex ES. Competitive inhibition occurs when the substrate and a substance resembling the substrate are both added to the enzyme. A theory called the lock-key theory of enzyme catalysts can be used to explain why inhibition occurs. The lock and key theory utilizes the concept of an active site. The concept holds that one particular portion of the enzyme surface has a strong affinity for the substrate. The substrate is held in such a way that its conversion to the reaction products is more favorable. If we consider the enzyme as the lock and the substrate the key the key is inserted in the lock, is turned, and the door is opened and the reaction proceeds. However, when an inhibitor which resembles the substrate is present, it will compete with the substrate for the position in the enzyme lock. When the inhibitor wins, it gains the lock position but is unable to open the lock. Hence, the observed reaction is slowed down because some of the available enzyme sites are occupied by the inhibitor. If a dissimilar substance which does not fit the site is present, the enzyme rejects it, accepts the substrate, and the reaction proceeds normally. ACTIVE SITE This is the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs SUBSTRATE In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is transformed into one or more products, which are then released from the active site ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX This is when the substrate binds reversibly to the enzyme forming a complex ANABOLISM Anabolism, or biosynthesis, is the process by which living organisms synthesize complex molecules of life from simpler ones. Anabolism, together with catabolism, are the two series of chemical processes in cells that are, together, called metabolism. Anabolic reactions are divergent processes. That is, relatively few types of raw materials are used to synthesize a wide variety of end products. This results in an increase in cellular size or complexity-or both. Anabolic processes produce peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules comprise all the materials of living cells, such as membranes and chromosomes, as well as the specialized products of specific types of cells, such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and neurotransmitters. CATBOLISM Catabolism, the opposite of anabolism, produces smaller molecules used by the cell to synthesize larger molecules, as will be described below. Thus, in contrast to the divergent reactions of anabolism, catabolism is a convergent process, in which many different types of molecules are broken down into relatively few types of end products. ..